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Impact of wildlife on food crops and approaches to reducing human wildlife conflict in the protected landscapes of eastern Nepal. Human Dimensions of Wildlife

For the SDM OBJECTIVE portion (5 page minimum) you will base it on these references only! : References:

1) Dahal, N. K., Harada, K., Adhikari, S., Sapkota, R. P., & Kandel, S. (2021). Impact of wildlife on food crops and approaches to reducing human wildlife conflict in the protected landscapes of eastern Nepal. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601

(Links to an external site.)

2) Hill, C. M. (2017). Crop raiding. The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109

(Links to an external site.)

3) Pokharel, M., & Aryal, C. (2020). Human-wildlife conflict and its implication for conservation at Sundarpur, Udayapur, Eastern Nepal. International Journal of Environment, 9(2), 217–233. https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i2.32750

For this assignment, you will develop the objective definitions that you will use for the remainder of your structured decision-making case study. So far you have seen the problem definition, stakeholders, and discussed the potential fundamental objective , you will develop a document that details the:

1. Fundamental objectives you will use in your SDM, 2. Enabling objectives associated with these fundamental objectives, and 3. Measurable attributes by which an alternatives ability to meet the enabling

objective will be measured.

Remember that fundamental objectives are identified by repeatedly asking ‘Why’. The goal is to identify the end result of the decision (‘the ends’). For this example, you should have at least three fundamental objectives identified. The goal will be to identify an action or suite of actions that will best achieve all of these ends. You should rely on your research and the class discussion as to what the three objectives for your SDM will be.

The enabling objectives are ‘the means’ by which you will know that a fundamental objective has been achieved. Note that these are not the actions that will be taken (at least not directly). For example, in Runge et al (2011) Runge, M.C., E. Bean, D.R. Smith, and S. Kokos. 2011. Non-native fish control below Glen Canyon Dam — report from a structured decision-making project. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Reporthttps://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601 https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109 https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i2.32750 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

2011-1-12., PDF involving fish management in the Grand Canyon, a fundamental objective was identified as “Preserve and enhance recreational values and uses.” Two of the enabling objectives that fell under this fundamental objective where:

1. Maintain and enhance the rainbow trout fishery, and 2. Minimize disturbance of the wilderness experience in Grand Canyon National

Park.

For this assignment, you should focus on having a minimum of five (total) enabling objectives by which to measure achievement of your fundamental objectives.

Lastly, you need to establish the measurable attributes (or performance measures) against which a particular alternative will evaluated. Measurable attributes come in three forms. Natural measures direct measures of the feature, and are quantitative. For example, an objective of ‘maximize population of _____’ can be directly quantified by estimating the population size of the particular species. Natural measures are preferred when they exist (some things have no obvious ‘natural’ way to evaluate them) and are operational (i.e., they can realistically be measured given agency/time/budget constraints). Another form of measure is a proxy measure. Proxy measures are assumed to relate directly to an unmeasurable objective. For example, above in the Grand Canyon SDM, ‘minimize disturbance of the wilderness experience’ does not have a clear natural measure as it depends on definitions of both wilderness experience and disturbance. In this case, the choice to measure this was how many user-days a given alternative would prevent from occurring. This is not a direct measure, but it is assumed that the more user-days on the Colorado River are lost due to a given alternative, the more disturbance must be occurring. This would be a proxy measure. A key issue with proxy measures is the assumption that they are correlated with what we are trying to measure. A last form of measure is a constructed measure. These are useful when there is no clear natural measure, and the use of any proxy measure might be questioned. Constructed measures are very common. The well-known Likert Scale used on surveys is a constructed measure, as are habitat suitability indexes. For example, in the Grand Canyon example, one of the enabling objectives was framed as ‘be respectful of non-human life’. This was evaluated using a 10-point scale in which stakeholders evaluated each action as to how respectful the action was with a 10 being very respectful and a 1 being very not respectful.

For this assignment, prepare a document (5 page minimum) that identifies and justifies three or more fundamental objectives for this class’s assigned case study. In addition, you should identify and defend your choice of five or more enablinghttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

objectives. Lastly, you will need to develop the performance measures by which these are evaluated. Section 4 of http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012 PDF provides a good example of what you might produce.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

For the SDM ALTERNATIVES AND DECISIONS Portion (5 page minimum) you will base it on these references only! : References:

(Links to an external site.)

2) Hill, C. M. (2017). Crop raiding. The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109

(Links to an external site.)

In this assignment, you will build on the SDM case study that you previously worked on in the SDM Objectives assignment. You will use the objectives identified in that assignment and develop alternative actions that might be used to achieve these fundamental objectives. You will then identify the potential consequences of these actions on each enabling objective, as well as the uncertainty involved in evaluating consequences. For an example of the information being presented in this assignment, see Sections 5 and 6 of Runge et al (2011) PDF http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012 .

For this assignment, your submitted document should detail:

1. Alternatives being considered in your SDM, 2. A discussion of the consequences of each action on each enabling

objective, 3. How consequences might be evaluated in a full SDM, and 4. Sources of uncertainty in evaluating consequences.

When you generate the alternatives, you should consider simulating a ‘bookending’ process. Think about each fundamental objective independently – what is the action that would best achieve this particular objective? Write each of these down. The result will likely be a list of actions that conflict substantially with each other. Evaluate eachhttps://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601 https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109 https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i2.32750 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

of these actions to see if they can be broken into individual actions that might be separated. If so, separate these actions. Now brainstorm about any actions that are not already in consideration. Lastly, try to create some ‘hybrid’ actions that combine aspects of the already specified actions. You should now have a fairly extensive and variable list of actions. Also, remember that the status quo of ‘no change in current management’ should be one of your actions. Section 5 of Runge et al PDF (2011)http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012 illustrates this process for the non-native fish issue in the Grand Canyon.

Once you have identified your actions, you need to evaluate the probable consequences of your actions on each of the enabling objectives. The end result should be a consequence table. The first step will be to determine how you will evaluate the consequences. For example, can the probable consequence be predicted from data and modelling? Will the evaluation be made by using expert opinion or scoring by stakeholder groups? See Section 6 of Runge et al PDF (2011) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012 for possible approaches to evaluating consequences based on the non-native fish issue in the Grand Canyon. You will probably not be able to realistically evaluate the consequences, but I want you to think through and discuss how you would complete this aspect of SDM in a real situation. You will need to estimate consequences, most likely by acting as an expert by ranking how well an alternative will achieve each objective, relative to the other alternatives. For example, if you have three alternatives, you would rank them 1-3 as to which was best, worst, or in-between. You would do this for each objective. The end result will produce your consequence table.

Lastly, based on your discussion of evaluating the consequences, you should have a feel for where uncertainty is in predicting the consequences of each action. Discuss the sources of this uncertainty and how it might influence your decision-making.

The submission for this assignment should be approximately 5 pages in length (not including any information from your Objectives assignment). It should identify a minimum of 5 actions or alternatives, discussion of how their consequences will be evaluated, as well as uncertainty in this process, and produce a consequence table based on your ‘expert’ evaluation.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

For the SDM Decision-Modelling Portion (4-5 page minimum) you will base it on these references only! : References:

(Links to an external site.)

2) Hill, C. M. (2017). Crop raiding. The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109

(Links to an external site.)

4) Sells, S. N., M. S. Mitchell, J. J. Nowak, P. M. Lukacs, N. J. Anderson, J. M. Ramsey, J. A. Gude, and P. R. Krausman. 2015. Modeling risk of pneumonia epizootics in bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 79(2):195-210.

5) Sells, S. N., M. S. Mitchell, V. L. Edwards, J. A. Gude, and N. J. Anderson. 2016. Structured decision making for managing pneumonia epizootics in bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 80(6):957-969.

6) http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012 PDF DOCUMENT

Your decision analysis should build on your consequence table from the previous assignment. In this case, you should describe a means of conducting the decision analysis and perform a basic decision analysis. You will then specify the chosen action for this scenario.

Instructions

You encountered a basic form of decision analysis in the SMART (Single Multi-attribute Rating Technique) table. You might recall that this was drawn from Sells et al (2016) work on managing pneumonia epizootics in bighorn sheep. This technique illustrates the use of a basic linear value model in which the overall score or ranking for anhttps://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601 https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2021.1926601 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0109 https://doi.org/10.3126/ije.v9i2.32750 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

alternative is the composite of the ranking (usually normalized from 0-1 so all objectives are ranked on the same scale for all actions) of the alternative’s performance on each enabling objective (your consequence table from the alternatives assignment) weighted by the importance of the objective. These weights are commonly assigned by swing-weighting, but you will generate them according to your own expert opinion (as was the case in Sells et al 2016).

For example, for the following simple 3 objective / 3 action case you have the following consequence table:

Objectives

#1 #2 #3

Actions #1

3 3 2

#2 1 2 1

#3 2 1 3

In this example, the numbers in the cells are the ranking of each alternative, on a scale of 1 (worst) to 3 (best), in achieving each objective. Because all objectives are measured on an equal ranking scale (1-3) we do not need to normalize the scales. If you consider all objectives equal in importance, they all are weighted 0.33 (1/3). The value model for action #3 is then 0.33(2)+0.33(1)+0.33(3)=2.

Value models and consequence tables are used to evaluate trade-offs inherent in deciding between alternatives. It is often useful to color code the best and worst performing alternatives for each action. This helps identify patterns of good and poor performance of a given action on all objectives. In addition, we can evaluate objectives. If a given alternative always performs better than another – on all objectives – then it dominates the poorer alternative. The poorer alternative is a ‘Dominated

alternative’ and can be removed from the decision analysis. In addition, you may find that some objectives do not help distinguish between alternatives, i.e., you would evaluate the alternatives the same regardless of whether the objective was included or not.

Once you have evaluated trade-offs with your decision analysis, you should conclude this assignment by explaining the trade-offs of each action and making a decision for this case study. Sections 7 and 8 of Runge et al (2011) PDF http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

provide an example of decision analysis involving the non-native fish SDMhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1012

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McDonald’s: A Case Study in Glocalization

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Case Study: McDonald’s: A Case Study in Glocalization

INSTRUCTIONS

When preparing for your discussion post on this case, it is recommended that you read through it several times.

Read through it the first time to familiarize yourself with the prompt.

On the second reading, consider your assigned role in the situation, and let that guide your perspective.

Look deeper at the details: facts, problems, organizational goals, objectives, policies, strategies.

Next, consider the concepts, theories, tools and research you need to use to address the issues presented.

Then, complete any research, analysis, calculations, or graphing to support your decisions and make recommendations.

BACKGROUND

McDonald’s restaurants are located around the globe and are among the leading purveyors of fast food. This case study examines McDonald’s globalization strategies, focusing on six factors. As you read, consider the cultural differences that McDonald’s has to consider as they market their product in various countries.

PROMPT

Read McDonald’s: A Case Study in Glocalization

(Links to an external site.)

and review the module resources. Answer the questions about the case study. Make sure to support your answers with relevant scholarly resources.

Tasks:

In the discussion forum, answer the following:

Analyze how McDonald’s has adapted their marketing and product positioning to address cultural differences they encounter across the globe. Why have their adaptations worked?

In response to your peers, consider their analysis of McDonald’s adaptations and propose an additional or alternative adaptation that would take cultural differences into consideration when marketing in other countries.

Support your answers using relevant, scholarly resources and citations in APA format.

Responses should comprise 200-600 words.

References

Crawford, A., Humphries, S.A., & Geddy, M.M. (2015). McDonald’s: A case study in Glocalization

(Links to an external site.)

. Journal of Global Business Issues, 9 (1), 11-17.

Consult the Discussion Posting Guide for information about writing your discussion posts. It is recommended that you write your post in a document first. Check your work and correct any spelling or grammatical errors. When you are ready to make your initial post, click on the “Reply”. Then copy/paste the text into the message field, and click “Post Reply.”

To respond to a peer, click “Reply” beneath her or his post and continue as with an initial post.

Evaluation

This discussion will be graded using the discussion board rubric. Please review this rubric, located on the Rubrics page within the Start Here module of the course, prior to beginning your work to ensure your participation meets the criteria in place for this discussion. All discussions combined are worth 20% of your final course grade

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A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease

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A risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease, mental health challenges, academic delays, developmental delays, poor relationships or boundary-setting, etc.

This should address a specific risk factor, clearly explain why it is a risk factor, and offer quick guidance on how to combat it/overcome it, move the needle forward to decrease the risk, or where to go for support and resources. Think of empowering them with information and actionable steps!

● You will have the option to be creative by creating an awareness campaign via:

○ An ad that can go on buses, freeway signs, benches ○ A Tik-Tok video or set of Instagram slides ○ A YouTube or facebook video where you share PowerPoint slides

or get creative with how you visually demonstrate the material (don’t just record yourself talking).

○ An interactive webpage or PDF (with working links) ● If you have the consent of others, they may also appear in your campaign but

you have to do the work of coming up with the content, script, editing, etc. ● In true form, campaigns are meant to be disseminated widely, captivating so

that they get your message across quickly, easily shareable and accessible. ● This is a useful exercise because social media and technology play an

important role in reaching parents and children/adolescents – especially now that COVID-19 has pushed the need for virtual communication and has increased isolation for many.

In a document include:

1. Target population. Be Specific! ○ What group of parents are you targeting? Some things to

consider: ○ The age of their children. Do you want to

target parents with teens, infants, middle schoolers, etc

○ The geographic area that they live in. Do you want to target parents who live in an area with high levels of air pollution or pesticides? Or parents with little access to non-processed foods?

○ The social climate and context. Are you targeting parents in a school district with depleting funds/resources? Or parents whose

kids may be experiencing heightened levels of discrimination due to socio-political discourse?

○ Physical (dis)abilities. Do you want to reach parents of children with a specific physical need or health challenge (e.g., hard of hearing, blind, wheelchair-bound)?

○ Health issues. Do you want to reach parents with a specific health issue (e.g., diabetes, asthma, cancer)?

○ Family structure. Do you want to target separated/divorced co-parenting parents? Or military families who travel often or go long periods without seeing one parent? Incarcerated parents or the parent who is not incarcerated but whose partner is? Parents living in multigenerational homes?

○ Other ideas: Recent immigrant parents who are not fluent in English? Young teen parents, who have been kicked out? Parents in college?

2. The risk factor your campaign is addressing. Be Specific, go beyond saying poverty!

○ For example: ○ Having low access to libraries, educational

materials for the home, or to enrichment activities outside the home

○ Living in food deserts or living near freeways or factories

○ Social isolation or poor relational (community, school, or family) support

○ Decreased access to mental health services or academic counseling

3. What does this risk factor increase the chances of? Be thorough and detailed in explaining how/why it increases the risk of certain outcomes.

○ The risk of falling behind academically (e.g., the number of vocabulary words a child knows – example: NYC Read The City)

○ The risk of health-related challenges (e.g., malnutrition, asthma)

○ The risk of drug use, early sexual activity, gang membership, increased displays of anger or frustration, etc

○ The risk of heightened anxiety, depression, poor or lacking goal setting, poor daily routines, etc

4. How can parents positively intervene, make social or environmental changes, adjust home life or communication approaches, be advocates for their children, locate and access resources, etc to remove the risk factor or create buffers to decrease the chances of the risk factor from leading to negative outcomes or experiences.

○ Empower them! ○ Avoid placing blame on the parents and avoid using

deficit-based language ○ Provide specific actionable steps

5. What strategy would you use to disseminate the campaign and raise awareness?

○ What organizations would you partner with if any? Why or why not?

○ What media outlets, platforms, or physical spaces would you use to showcase the campaign material? Why?

○ How long would the campaign run for? Are you choosing to run it in a particular month, week, or season? Why?

6. References ○ Minimum of 3 citations in APA format at the end ○ Also…use in-text citations in the word doc but no need to

include them in your actual awareness campaign material

○ Your references can be peer-reviewed journal articles, policy briefs, or brief reports

* Attach your actual campaign material either as an embedded link within the document, an image posted at the end of the document, or as a separate document. Whichever works best for your content.

*Your visual should be clear and captivating. You do not need to have everything you write out in the document above written or displayed in your actual visual. However, your campaign material should truly be in alignment with what you described in the document. Think about what your message is and what you want to promote and avoid highlighting what you don’t want parents to do or say (instead focus on what they can do or say to buffer against the risk factor being addressed)

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Connect your recommendation(s) to company goals and mission.

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STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS PROPOSAL ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

INSTRUCTIONS Strategic Recommendations: Proposal Assignment This is the culminating assignment for this course. Content developed for Discussions 1-7 will help with the collection of data and information that will be included in your strategic recommendations proposal. Prepare your Discussions so that maximum transfer of information may occur.

The resources used for this assignment include this instructional handout and the provided written proposal template.

Project Introduction and Back ground First, you should be familiar with the difference between a business proposal and a business plan. The business proposal is used to address a specific problem or opportunity within an organization. Proposals will typically be focused and abbreviated in content and heavy with supporting arguments and data. A business plan on the other hand is much more detailed. A business plan takes the business proposal and adds all of the specifics (costs, required equipment, timelines, facilities, personnel, etc.) necessary for a presentation to board members or investors. It is common for decision makers to ask for a proposal before a plan. Second, strategic recommendations refer to specific recommendations that focus on improving operational effectiveness and/or efficiency. Effectiveness refers to the idea of goals and mission. How effective are current processes and procedures at meeting company goals? Efficiency refers to the idea of resources. How much of company time, talent, and treasures are being used to achieve specific outcomes? Strategic recommendations focus on improvements in these areas and may come from the creation of new profit centers or the overhaul of existing ones.

Assignment Elements

The proposal template provides additional instructions on assignment elements and layout.

Again, feel free to use your creative rights when it comes to layout but the template is available for use.

Your proposal must include:

1. Proposal Objectives. The Strategic Recommendations Proposal must begin with an executive summary and at least three proposal objectives you develop and address. These objectives should center on supporting your recommendation(s) for an area of improvement you have identified during your company research.

2. Company Mission and Goals. Connect your recommendation(s) to company goals and mission. Why should your recommendation be of interest to decision-makers? Craft these connections carefully.

3. Financial Analysis . If able connect recommendations to findings from the submitted financial statements. At minimum, provide a cost/benefit summary of your recommendation(s).

4. Supporting Arguments. Each objective must be addressed with appropriate assertions. All assertions must have supporting arguments. Arguments must be supported with appropriate data.

My company is Korean Air

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In the early 1980’s, crew resource management (CRM) became the “buzz

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Write Discussion Thread

Topic: In the early 1980’s, crew resource management (CRM) became the “buzz” word of the day. In the late 1990s, this idea was broadened to become known as human factors. The FAA addresses these issues in Advisory Circular AC 120-72. The FAA has identified the top twelve human factors which negatively affect maintenance in a pamphlet called “Avoid the Dirty Dozen .” After studying these twelve human factors, which three are of the greatest threat to an aviation maintenance technician? Why? While you may reference these two documents, the textbook and 1 other outside source must still be referenced.

DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTION

You are required to create a minimum 400-word thread in response to the provided prompt for each Discussion. You must support your assertions with at least 2 sources (with 1 being the textbook) in current APA format. In addition to the thread, you are required to create a minimum 200-word reply to 2 other classmates’ threads. You must support each reply with at least 2 sources (with 1 being the textbook), per reply, in current APA format. Please review the Discussion Grading Rubric for insight into grading.Discussions threads are expected to engage the assigned subject matter, drawing on the Learn materials within the course as well as additional researched scholarly materials. A minimum of 2 scholarly sources are required for the initial thread. Acceptable sources are course readings, Bible, and peer-reviewed journal articles.

Write Discussion Thread

DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTION

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Here is Link for the text book

https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9781307238464/pageid/168

Here is Link for the text book

https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9781307238464/pageid/168

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Human Factors and the compilation of The Dirty Dozen do not corelate

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Reply each thread required to create a minimum 200-word.You must support each reply with at least 2 sources (with 1 being the textbook), per reply, in current APA format.

Here is text book link

https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/reader/books/9781307238464/pageid/168

Thread 1

3 Greatest Threats/ Human Factors

The study of Human Factors and the compilation of The Dirty Dozen do not corelate. Each of the Dirty Dozen point directly at the Technician as the “Fault” in the system. It is for this reason that I believe the Dirty Dozen is an outdated Human Factors resource. The FAA’s compilation was good for it’s time and had an impact that led us to a more holistic approach to Human Factors. “While many people assume that human factors in maintenance refers to the actions of mechanics, the MRM program admits to several major areas where maintenance errors can occur. These areas are (a) equipment design and manufacture; (b) manufacturers’ documentation and procedure writing; (c) airline procedures and work areas; and (d) mechanic training and performance.” Kinnison, H. A., & Siddiqui, T. (2013). Sidney Dekker is one of the most recognized scholars on the topic of Human Factors, in most of his writing and lectures he reasons that the human error is not the ending point or conclusion of an error, it’s the place you begin the investigation. “Although most in aviation human factors embrace this view in principle, practice often leads us to the old view of human error which sees human error as the chief threat to system safety. I discuss two practices by which we quickly regress into the old view and disinherit Fitts and Jones: (1) the punishment of individuals, and (2) error classification systems.” (Dekker, 2019)

Lack of Resources

“Not having enough people, equipment, documentation, time, parts, etc., to complete a task. Improve supply and support— • Order parts before they are required. • Have a plan for pooling or loaning parts.” (FAA, 2012) Because the focus here is on the technician making a “mistake” the common perception is that this is the technician’s fault. The Lack of Resources is most likely the outcome of a broken management structure that is responsible for equipment, tech data and parts readiness as we have learned about in our textbook. “How maintenance people perform is only part of the problem; the facilities in which they work, the equipment they encounter, and the forms, processes and procedures they use are all subject to human actions and, therefore, to human error. And the errors are not always due to the mechanic.” Kinnison, H. A., & Siddiqui, T. (2013).

Lack of Knowledge

“Shortage of the training, information, and/or ability to successfully perform. Don’t guess, know— • Use current manuals. • Ask when you don’t know. • Participate in training.” (FAA, 2012) In some instances mechanics simply should not perform the task due to the lack of knowledge. It is a well-known fact that one of the least valued departments in an operation is training. Even at the job I currently have at a Part 147 School no formal training has been done for over 2 years. This has been the trend I have seen across the industry even when I was the Maintenance Training Manager of a Part 135 Operation, the training budget was the first to suffer in a down turn and when we were busy training ceased due to workload. “For any problem or condition that cannot be accommodated by the first two rules above or one that is limited due to various constraints, such as design limits, trade-offs, or budget requirements as discussed in Chap. 1 of this book, the designers must provide the users, operators, and mechanics—as well as other human elements involved—with sufficient education and training on the system to resolve any human factors– related problems that could arise from improper understanding of the design.” Kinnison, H. A., & Siddiqui, T. (2013).

Norms

“Expected, yet unwritten, rules of behavior. Help maintain a positive environment with your good attitude and work habits— • Existing norms don’t make procedures right. • Follow good safety procedures. • Identify and eliminate negative norms.” (FAA, 2012) This is truly a place that needs to be focused on more, from the aspect of the technician. From a technician’s standpoint many of the “Dirty Dozen” Human Factors are not directly related to daily tasks, but “Norms” are a direct outcome of the work environment.

As far as Aviation Maintenance goes Human Factors and The Dirty Dozen are attributed to the whole team, starting with aircraft, tolling and facility design, management structures including the CEO through non- certificated technicians. Often times the Dirty Dozen comes off as a blame the technician as the end user, while the wholistic view sees human error as a symptom. “The two ways of looking at human error are that we can see human error as a cause of failure, or we can see human error as a symptom of failure.” Woods et al., (1994) Philippians 2:4 is a good verse that encompasses Human Factors as it moves a person to view another person’s value. “Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.” Barker, K. (1973).

Thread 2

Being in the aircraft maintenance business means we are in the safety business as everything we do is based on a foundation of safety and it shows. Nonetheless, human errors are inevitable, and certain circumstances make them especially likely. Human error has been documented as a primary contributor to more than 80 percent of maintenance errors involving human factors (Administration et al., 2012). In my experience over the last 25 years in a FAR 121 operation fatigue, complacency, and distraction are three human factors that are the greatest threat to our craft.

Fatigue

When employees are exhausted mentally or physically their work performance will suffer. The most prevalent maintenance human factor is fatigue. As a technician, we are subjected to many different work schedule options. Aircraft typically fly during the day and get serviced on overnight visits. This requires individuals to work long hours and stay up overnight which will lead to fatigue. Another scheduling factor that will lead to fatigue is technicians are only required 24-hour time off in a seven-day work week. Despite the regulations limiting a technician’s time off he or she may work one shift preference or may have monetary motives, fatigue will not be prevented. When an individual is affected by a lack of proper sleep your ability to make decisions, be alert, and stay focused will be impacted. (Administration et al., 2012). In our craft this is unavoidable, I personally have experienced fatigue working overnight shifts for several years and countless amounts of overtime. This was all I was able to hold as a new technician and when you are starting a family as I was overtime opportunities were available on and off shifts. I remember taking field trips and working on CFM56 start issues in Des Moines Iowa for those extra time and a half hours to put a decent down payment on my first house. I burnt myself out and it didn’t matter how much sleep I received I still was tired. To mitigate these risks, we need to regulate work shifts, exercise daily, eat balanced meals and most importantly get an adequate good night of sleep so our bodies can recharge. There is no way we can ultimately win the fight with fatigue. The longer you stay awake, the more your performance will degrade until your body finally decides it has had enough and simply shuts down. Even though we can’t beat fatigue, there are some strategies that we can use to more effectively balance the demands of modern life with our body’s need for sleep.

Distractions

A fatigued person may be easily distracted or maybe nearly impossible to distract. Distractions occur when anything other than the task at hand vies for your attention and make you more likely to forget things and lose track of your workflow. When we are working on any task, our mind has a natural tendency to think ahead. This is normal and not a bad trait until we are distracted. It is also the number one reason why we forget things and when returning to the task we can easily think we are further than we actually are. In today’s world, there are many distractions that are around us and we are constantly trying to do multiple things at once. I for one have been working remotely and face daily distractions with household items as simple as putting dishes away, popping in a load of laundry, and even tending to the family pet. These distractions lead to errors in my documentation which can lead to providing technicians with improper procedures. Regardless of their nature, numerous distractions may occur during the course of maintaining an aircraft. We must recognize that our attention is being diverted and remove the distractions and refocus to assure our work is correct. (Administration et al., 2012). Distractions can be prevented by following policies and procedures, identifying and limiting interruptions, and taking a few steps back to ensure that all elements are working properly. Having a checklist and being aware of our surroundings will help us prioritize and fully concentrate on one thing and do it well, rather than multiple tasks and do poorly at them.

Complacency

Another unfortunate example of these threats in aviation is complacency. As noted in an article written by (Tolleson, 2007) “Complacency is alive and well today as experienced by pilots who take off on the wrong runways, inspectors who pencil whip, and mechanics who don’t use the checklists and current technical data.” When people perform the same tasks routinely, they may become over-confident, thinking the work is too easy. Consequently, they become less vigilant about checking for mistakes. A general relaxation of vigilance typically results and important signals will be missed, with the individual only seeing what he, or she, expects to see. We should always expect to find errors whether being a mechanic or inspector or a pilot who flies in and out of the same airport knowing which runway to use. As a technician, I was taxi & run qualified on the majority of our fleet. When moving any aircraft, we always wrote down and read back the instruction from air traffic control and adhered to procedures. Making a checklist and following procedures will increase our vigilance when performing a routine task. Also, being overconfident can be a trap that can lead to an accident, damages, and employee injuries. Overconfidence leads us to believe that nothing is wrong and consequently we fail to identify a potential safety issue. To combat complacency, we need to follow established policy and procedures, and use a checklist when completing tasks whether routine or not. Finally, lean on a teammate to cross-check your work, I continue to this day to ask colleagues to review and bounce ideas off of projects that I am working on. There are some good tools that we have in place to combat this threat, we just need to be vigilant and use them.

I picked these three treats of the dirty dozen because to me they run in parallel. If you are tired you will not be at your best in an environment where multiple things are happening. This can be dangerous if you are not mentally prepared. We all have different pressures and influences in our everyday life but remaining focused and taking the time needed to ensure that the correct decision is being made and the proper procedure is being followed will get the job done right. At the end of the day ensuring a safe work environment is a duty that all workers and management share. The safety of those working around you is in your hands (Kinnison & Siddiqui 2018). Unsafe choices that you make can injure both you and your coworkers. Everyone needs to take safety seriously, or everyone is at risk.

Biblical Integration:

Peter ch5:8-9 reminds us to “Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that the family of believers throughout the world is undergoing the same kind of sufferings.” With human factors in aviation, we have to always be alert and prepared to resist deviation from policy and procedure to stay on task

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research potential career and internship opportunities

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Introduction to Business Intelligence

For this assignment, you will research potential career and internship opportunities that may include business intelligence as a requested or required skillset.

Instructions

Copy and include some of the ads, if possible.
As you look for these positions, make notes of any educational requirements or specific certifications that are required or recommended.
Include in your research, articles about the job duties and responsibilities of a position in business intelligence.
Did you find out anything about a career in business intelligence that concerned you?

Submission Requirements

You will report your research in a one- to two-page paper that meets the following requirements:

Includes your initial research findings on your opportunities in the business intelligence field.
The reference page and the title page do not count toward the total page requirement.
Since this assignment is considered a self-assessment and reflection, the assignment can be written in first-person

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Functional Structural which addresses how the phenomenon contributes to social integration or stability

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Here are the 9 questions that go with the Duck Dynasty article.

1. What are three conclusions you take away from the article? Enumerate them (e.g. First, Second and Third). Do not summarize the article – these are your “take aways.”

2. Cite evidence from the article where Blow expresses that Robertson’s position as expressed by his comments below contribute to human suffering and/or social disorganization.

“I never, with my eyes, saw the mistreatment of any black person. Not once. Where we lived was all farmers. The blacks worked for the farmers. I hoed cotton with them. I’m with the blacks, because we’re white trash. We’re going across the field. …They’re singing and happy. I never heard one of them, one black person, say, ‘I tell you what: These doggone white people’ — not a word! …Pre-entitlement, pre-welfare, you say: Were they happy? They were godly; they were happy; no one was singing the blues.”

3. Consider how this phenomenon, the denial of racism and the role of systematic racial discrimination in our social institutions (e.g., the justice system, public education, and the economy), contributes to human suffering. What is Robertson view? What social instiution and what racism do you see in it? How do both contribute to the suffering of others. You must identify a social institution in your answer.

4. Consider Blow’s discussion of Robertson’s comments and race relations historically. Which one social perspective best fits Blow’s approach and why?. Hint: There is only one correct answer. Think about the entire article when choosing the best perspective. Tell me which perspective first. Then explain why.

Functional Structural which addresses how the phenomenon contributes to social integration or stability,
Social Conflict which addresses how the phenomenon generates social conflict as one group endeavors to maintain power over the other,
or Symbolic Interaction which addresses how the phenomenon creates individuals’ reality through social interaction.

5. Does Blow believe Robertson’s insensitive comments can be described as a “personal trouble” (i.e., a perspective unique to Robertson and his personal life story) or a “social issue” (i.e., a widely shared perspective, the result of historical and/or social forces? Cite the two places in the article where he clearly states his position on this question.

6. Give at least two examples that Blow includes in the article, which contradict Robertson’s comments and/or make his position difficult to believe?

7. Consider the data presented in The Southern Divide chart at the end of the article.

Why do you think Blow included the chart and what jumps out at you?
Now pick a specific question; then, consider and discuss the difference between black and white respondents.

8. What is another question you could add to this survey? Your question should be directly related to the topic in the article; the denial of racism and discrimination by Phil Robertson.

9. Based on your consideration of this article, make two recommendations for future research, new laws, public policies or programs to educate people on this social phenomenon. To get credit, your recommendations must be concrete and specific. For example, “we need to have laws against racism” is far too vague.

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Functional Structural which addresses how the phenomenon contributes to social integration or stability

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Grading Rubric for the Essay

Three conclusions	15 pts.
Evidence that Blow believes Robertson’s statements lead to human suffering or social disorganization	10 pts.
How the denial of racism and discrimination lead to human suffering and social disorganization today	10 pts.
Theoretical perspective	10 pts.
Personal Trouble vs. Social Issue	10 pts.
Blow’s evidence to challenge Robertson’s position	10 pts.
Analysis of survey data presented in the chart	10 pts.
Another survey question	5 pts.
Recommendations for research, new laws, policies or programs	10 pts.

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Ensure that it is related to the travel and tourism sector in todays environment

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This is the final week to have your Capstone project topic approved!

Please ensure it has been submitted and approved by your Professor.

What you need to submit IN 200-250 WORDS:

Explain the topic you will be choosing for your Capstone project
Make sure there is ONE major question you will answer about your topic in your final report
Choose something that you are passionate about
Ensure that it is related to the travel and tourism sector in todays environment
Explain how you will conduct your research and analysis
Submit in WORD format before the due date

Another assignment related to first one

The student will submit a professional font typed, 1.5 spaced report based on individual research. The

student will choose a Research Topic that must relate to the Travel and Tourism sector and be approved

by the Professor. The time of research is current and the purpose is to provide recommendations during

a time of crisis. The word limit of the report is 2,500 words +-10% (excluding exhibits and references). It

should be of the highest possible quality in its research, writing, analysis, citations and approach.

It is critical that students demonstrate superior oral and written communication skills, grade deductions

will be made for grammar and spelling errors in the written report. There will be zero tolerance for

plagiarism. Please refer to Hanson’s plagiarism policy and be reminded to follow APA style citation.

The report requires the following key components:

a) Title Page

b) Executive Summary

c) Table of Contents

d) Introduction

e) Literature Review (includes your research and analysis with appropriate subheadings)

f) An Environmental Scan (Micro and Macro analysis – PESTEL)

g) Complete SWOT analysis

h) Recommendations

i) Conclusion

j) ALL References must be included (APA style)

k) Exhibits/Appendix (I.e. Images, charts, graphs, tables etc.)

Topic:

1. Students choose a topic related to the Travel and Tourism sector (see list below) and must be

approved by the Professor by Week 6.

2. Research and define the impact of COVID-19 on your approved topic.

3. Perform an environmental scan, a complete SWOT analysis of the industry during the COVID-19

crisis as it relates to your topic. (consider using March 15 as a benchmark date for this research)

4. Provide recommendations for the affected company/product/service to survive/sustain or

leverage during this crisis.

5. Submit Capstone Project

Industries to consider:

– Tour Operators

Examples: Globus, Tauck, Insight Vacations, G Adventures etc.

–

Travel Agencies

Examples: Marlin Travel, Flight Centre etc.

– Cruise Lines

Examples: Royal Caribbean, Norwegian Cruise Line, MSC Cruises etc.

– Hotels

Examples: Hyatt, Fairmont, Marriott, Intercontinental, Wyndham Hotels etc.

–

Airlines

Examples: Air Canada, Delta Airlines, Air China, Quantas etc.

– Car Rentals

Examples: National, Budget, Hertz, Enterprise, Avis etc.

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