Module Code: LAWS40501 Module Title: TORT LAW & CIVIL REMEDIES Credits: 30 Credits (50% Weighting) Word Limit: Maximum word limit of 2500 words There is only one question. Issues contained in the extended problem case study must be addressed. There is only one percentage grade available for this examination. Answer to be submitted online as per the instructions given. The University/ Department reserves the to right to change exam conditions unilaterally at its sole discretion, after giving appropriate notice to students. Please note that this question is subject to the approval of the external examiner. This scenario is set pre Covid-19 pandemic. Northern Trains owned and operated by Arriva North Ltd. operates both passenger and cargo trains across Northern England. One morning, a passenger train driven by Alec, who had been employed as a train driver by Arriva North Ltd. crashed onto the back of a stationary goods train also owned and operated by Arriva North Ltd. As a result, the following incidents had occurred. [a] Claire and Teesha, university students who take the train commute daily had been passengers in Alec’s train. Claire had sustained an open fracture to her right leg. She is taken to the hospital and required immediate surgery to fix the fracture and close the wound. At the hospital, she develops a serious infection that requires medication to be administered intravenously. Due to the infection she had to be hospitalised for an extended period which resulted her missing the final examinations. After presenting the required medical certificates she has been allowed to sit at the next available exams, but the exam attempt costs £125. [b] Teesha, has suffered injuries to her back, which has aggravated her preexisting back problem. Upon being discharged from the hospital she has been instructed not to engage in strenuous activities for 3 months. Despite the medical advice she continued her work as a gym instructor at the University Gym and started complaining of serious pains. After medical examination it transpired that she had sustained permanent injuries to her back. [c] Eesha, who knew her twin sister Teesha takes the train daily suffers a psychiatric breakdown upon seeing images of the accident on a special news broadcast, and because she feared for Teesha’s safety, Eesha is now suffering from a clinical depression. [d] During the accident, a coach from the passenger train rolled down an embankment and damaged Freddy’s meat shop. The meat shop had to be closed for a month while being repaired, resulting in a loss of income to Freddy. Also, the meat in the freezers had to be disposed of as Freddy was unable to keep the shop open until the conclusion of the repairs. Discuss the potential liability of Arriva North Ltd
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Assessment Weight: 50 total marks Instructions: • All questions must be answered by using the answer boxes provided in this paper. • Completed answers must be submitted to Blackboard by the published due date and time. Submission instructions are at the end of this paper. Purpose: This assessment consists of six (6) questions and is designed to assess your level of knowledge of the key topics covered in this unit
Question 1 (7 marks) Team-based organizations emphasize the value and importance of all employees regardless of their specific roles or the simplicity and complexity of the tasks that they perform. In your opinion, explain the benefits of team-based environment in an organisation. Answer this question in not more than 300 words. ANSWER: ** Answer box will enlarge as you type Question 2 (7 marks) What are the Hofstede’s primary cultural dimensions. Explain with examples. Answer this question in not more than 400 words. ANSWER: Question 3 (11 marks) Given today’s risks because of Covid-19, keeping your global team motivated is challenging. In this situation, how a global manager can motivate employees according to the learning-base perspectives on motivation? Answer this question in not more than 700 words. ANSWER: Question 4 (11 marks) Decision making is a fundamental management function. In the light of this statement, explain how managers make decisions on the basis of rational approach? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of rational decision-making approach. Answer this question in not more than 700 words. ANSWER: Question 5 (7 marks) Organizations are looking for ways to have higher employee engagement and productive employees. A way that this may be accomplished is through employees’ positive organizational behaviour practices. With reference to the above statement, explain the possible responses to influence attempts with examples. Answer this question in not more than 400 words. ANSWER: Question 6 (7 marks) In organizing its human resources, an organization must identify who will do what and where; in some cases, they may also specify the how, why and when. Within any organization there is a need to divide, allocate, coordinate and control activities so that goals and organizational aims are achieved. In addressing such challenges, we may pose three related questions: what is the organization trying to do? How is it trying to do it? And why does it in that way? With reference to above, explain the characteristics of organisational structure with examples. Answer this question in not more than 400 words. ANSWER: END OF SUPPLEMENTARY ASSESSMENT Submission instructions: • Save submission with your STUDENT ID NUMBER and UNIT CODE e.g. EMV5497 HI6005 • Submission must be in MICROSOFT WORD FORMAT ONLY • Upload your submission to the appropriate link on Blackboard • Only one submission is accepted. Please ensure your submission is the correct document. • All submissions are automatically passed through SafeAssign to assess academic integrity
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Seamless Transition of Microgrids Operation From Grid-Connected to Islanded Mode M. Ganjian-Aboukheili, M. Shahabi, Member, IEEE, Q. Shafiee, Senior Member, IEEE, and Josep M. Guerrero, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—One of the main features of Microgrids is the ability to operate in both grid-connected mode and islanding mode. In each mode of operation, distributed energy resources (DERs) can be operated under grid-forming or grid-following control strategies. In grid-connected mode, DERs usually work under grid-following control strategy, while at least one of the DERs must operate in grid-forming strategy in islanding mode. A microgrid may experience remarkable fluctuations in voltage and current due to an unintentional islanding event. To achieve a smooth transition to islanding mode and mitigate disturbance effect, this paper proposes a control strategy includes a) a linear voltage controller with capacitor current feedback as an input to the voltage controller and output current feedforward as an input to current controller, and b) modified droop control to emulate the inertia response of a synchronous generator. The proposed controller can suppress voltage, current and frequency fluctuations and also guarantee a smooth transition. A small signal analysis of the proposed control strategy is developed to design its coefficients as well as the destabilizing effect of constant power load (CPL). Experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. Index Terms—Grid-connected, islanding mode, microgrids, modified droop control, smooth transition. I. INTRODUCTION M ICROGRID, as a small-scale power system, can work in both grid connected (GC) and islanding (IS) modes. In each mode of operation, distributed energy resources (DER) in microgrids (MGs) can be controlled using different strategies. DERs based on power electronic converters are usually the dominant part of a MG. DERs can operate in two different modes, 1) current source with grid-following control strategy and 2) voltage source with grid-forming control strategy [1]. Manuscript received February 12, 2019; revised July 13, 2019 and September 7, 2019; accepted October 10, 2019. Date of publication October 15, 2019; date of current version April 21, 2020. This work was supported by the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology under Grant BNUT/370445/98. Paper no. TSG-00235-2019. (Corresponding author: M. Shahabi.) M. Ganjian-Aboukheili and M. Shahabi are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol 4714871167, Iran (e-mail: m.ganjian@stu.nit.ac.ir; shahabi.m@nit.ac.ir). Q. Shafiee is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15177, Iran (e-mail: q.shafiee@uok.ac.ir). J. M. Guerrero is with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark (e-mail: joz@et.aau.dk). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSG.2019.2947651 The former is useful for converters that only inject a specific current to the MG, e.g., converter used for the renewable energy source (RES), while the latter can be employed in both modes of operation. In GC mode, the voltage and frequency of the MG are dictated by upstream grid, thus DERs tend to operate in grid-following strategy. In islanding mode, however, it is crucial to have some of DERs operating in grid-forming strategy to regulate the voltage and frequency of the MG. The stability and robustness of a MG depends on the performance of the DERs. Number of control strategies have been introduced for DERs in the literature which can be used in both GC and IS modes of operation [2]. These control strategies can be categorized into two types [3]: 1) control strategies for both modes of operation with a single control scheme (usually based on voltage control) which remain in service to provide further capabilities [4]–[9], 2) control strategies with two different control schemes where each mode is activated according to the pre-assigned control objective [10]–[15]. The majority of the first types of controllers are based on nonlinear control theory, e.g., Lyapunov-based method [5], [8], model predictive control [4], [9], which usually need an accurate model of the system and DER dynamic behavior. However, these controllers not only have a complex structure with a high computational burden but also their realization is very difficult. Furthermore, these types of control techniques are not easily implementable in practice. In contrary, linear control strategies provide a simple structure, low computational burden, and they are very convenient in design and implementation [9]. Due to using feedback or feedforward of the physical variables, linear control strategies give a better sense to the controller performance. Cascade control strategies have already been introduced in control design and implementation [16], [17]. 1949-3053 c 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. These types of controllers must be able to not only operate in both modes of operation, but also provide a seamless transition between them. This transition should occur smoothly while eliminating the disturbances or at least staying within a reasonable limit. During transition, the following issues may exist: 1) frequency fluctuation because of transition from a grid-following to a grid-forming strategy which leads to a disturbance on the power-angle of DERs and even threats the MG stability, 2) voltage and current deviation in DERs output due to switching between the modes. In the MGs, the transition occurs in two cases: a) IS mode to GC and b) GC to IS mode. The former case corresponds to the synchronization procedure where the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) must follow the main grid. According to the synchronizing criteria described in IEEE.std.1547-2003, ±10% in voltage amplitude difference, 0.3 Hz for frequency difference, and 20 degrees for phase difference are standard ranges [18]. Therefore, by utilizing a proper synchronization algorithm, the transition may be smooth and no disturbance will be imposed on the MG. The latter case (i.e., transition from GC to IS mode) could happen either intentional or unintentional. In the intentional islanding, transition intensity can be controlled by means of re-adjusting the MG operation point. The unintentional islanding, which is the main focus of this paper, occurs suddenly and re-adjusting the operation point of DERs is not a feasible solution. Hence, the frequency and voltage amplitude of the MG will be suffered by large disturbances and may endanger the system stability. Various techniques have been introduced in the literature which aims to minimize the effects of disturbances during a transition process [5], [6], [9], [10], [12], [19]. In [6] and [18], droop-based control strategies are introduced where no switching is needed between controllers used in both modes. Alternatively, nonlinear control strategies have been introduced [5], [9], [10], and [19]. Authors in [5] proposed a nonlinear control strategy using an adaptive back-stepping technique to operate in both modes of operation. A nonlinear control based on a variable structure is investigated in [10] to mitigate large disturbances such as islanding transition. A model predictive control is proposed in [9] which is applied on a single phase inverter to operate in both modes. This MPC framework uses a hybrid objective function with auto-tuning weighting factors. Seamless transition between modes of operation has been mostly investigated for MGs with a single DER, while in practice, MGs consist of multi DERs with multi buses. Hence, it is important to investigate the interaction between controllers of different DERs in this situation. This interaction is usually associated with power angle swing defined by power sharing between DERs during the transition. During transition to islanding mode, the power angle and frequency may be imposed by large swings. To have a smooth transition, the damping ratio needs to be improved. To reduce frequency deviation during MG transition, virtual inertia can be a good solution [20]. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) and droop control are two methods to implement virtual inertia [21]. Although, small-signal model of the VSG control is equivalent to droop control in some cases, their dynamic performance don’t exactly be same [20]. In [20], it was shown VSG has larger inertia than droop control. However, output active power of VSG is more oscillatory than droop control. The oscillations may be amplified when the governor delay is added to VSG control. Due to more popularity of droop control utilization in microgrid application, this method can have the potential to contribute inertia response during transition mode as well as VSG. If the parameters in the droop control is designed properly according to the system requirements, the dynamic Fig. 1. Schematic of a MG including three converter-based DER. performance of the inverter can be even better than VSGs [22]. Although, in [6] and [16], a derivative term is added to droop mechanism for power sharing improvement, to involve the virtual inertia into droop control, a modified droop control is required to propose. Aiming to achieve a smooth transition from GC to IS mode, proper load sharing between DERs and also enhancing system stability, this paper proposes a control strategy by modifying conventional droop control and voltage control. Opposed to the high complexity of nonlinear strategies or unreliable operation of linear strategies under abnormalities, the main contributions of this paper can be summarized as follows: 1) A modified linear voltage control strategy with an output current feed-forward and capacitor current feedback gained by high pass filter is proposed which are added to the voltage loop and current loop, respectively. This strategy can improve system dynamic performance by providing more damping, mitigate disturbances effects, and compensate transient voltage drop at inverter output. Because of linear structure, it is convenient for engineering implementation. 2) A modified droop mechanism is constructed to adjust its coefficient according to active power variation. This technique which is inspired by inertia response of synchronous generator could enforce undesirable frequency over/undershoot in disturbances. 3) In order to insightfully study the performance of the proposed strategy, a stability analysis is investigated through the small signal model of the test MG with various loads. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is validated by theoretical analysis and experimental results. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the MG configuration and different operation modes. A control strategy for a seamless transition with a smooth response is proposed in Section III, and the small signal analysis is done in Section IV. Experimental results are represented in Section V. Section VI concludes the paper. II. MICROGRID CONFIGURATION AND CONTROL STRUCTURE Fig. 1 shows the general scheme of a MG with three converter-based DERs. It is assumed that the dynamic behavior of the DERs’ prime movers is neglected, represented by a dc voltage source (Vdc). For each DER, a three-phase inverter equipped with an LCL filter is connected to the bus. The MG is connected to the grid through a circuit breaker (CB) placed in PCC. It should Fig. 2. Overall structure of the conventional control strategy for a converterbased DER with GC and islanded mode operation capability. Fig. 3. Block diagram of the conventional current control structure. be noted that DERs controller doesn’t have any control over CB and thus the CB status is unknown. The MG is connected to the upstream grid at PCC (Bus1) through a 5kVA power transformer. The circuit breaker will be opened consequent to a disturbance such as a fault event in the upstream grid. All DERs in the test system are voltage source inverters (VSIs). The overall control structure of a converter-based DER is shown in Fig. 2, where DER can be operated in either gridforming (VCM) or grid-feeding control strategy (CCM). Once a mode transfer command is received, the controller switches to another mode of operation. A. Grid Connected Mode In GC mode, DERs usually operate under grid-feeding strategy or CCM. The conventional current control structure is based on PI [23] or PR [24] controller which are implemented in the dq or aß reference framework, respectively. Fig. 3 shows the current control loop block diagram considering PWM delay and physical filter (LC) in the dq reference framework. With the decoupling approach, the model can approximately be simplified into two identical SISO systems. Hence, the subscript d and q are ignored in the following analysis. The closed-loop transfer function of the system (control part and physical plant) is derived as follows [23]: Gi(s)Gpwm(s)Cf s IL = Lf Cf s2 + Rf Cf s + Gi(s)Gpwm(s)Cf s + 1 – Gpwm(s)Iref – + + Gpwm(s) – 1 + – 2 Rf Cf s Gi(s)Gpwm(s)Cf s 1 Gpwm(s)Io Lf Cf s (1) where Lf , Cf and Rf are the LC filter parameters, Iref is the current reference, GPWM(s) is the PWM delay transfer function, and Gi(s) is a simple PI controller [15], [25]. Using (1) and applying KCL in capacitor node of the LC filter, the equivalent circuit of inverter in CCM can be Fig. 4. DER equivalent circuit in both (a) grid-feeding control strategy and (b) grid-forming control strategy. Fig. 5. Block diagram of conventional VCM with output voltage and inductor current feedback and virtual impedance. derived as: Io YoVo (2) IDER which is a representation of the Norton equivalent circuit. Thus, DER can be modeled by an equivalent circuit in this operation mode as shown in Fig. 4(a) [26]. The equivalent circuit is represented by a constant current source in parallel with an admittance Yo. Y2 is the line admittance between the inverter output and its local bus. B. Islanding Mode The grid-forming control strategy is commonly based on the cascade loops [16] and [17] including power controller, voltage controller, and current controller. The power controller is a conventional droop control which provides voltage amplitude and phase references of inner loops. The conventional droop mechanism can be expressed as follows: (3) where ?, E, ?* and E* are angular frequency and output voltage amplitude of the inverter, reference angular frequency and voltage amplitude, respectively. P and Q are the measured active and reactive power output passed through a low pass filter with a small cut-off frequency (wc), P* and Q* are active and reactive power references. m and n are droop coefficients. The block diagram of the conventional VCM is shown in Fig. 5. The closed-loop transfer function for the conventional VCM is expressed in (4). Gv(s)Gi(s)Gpwm(s) VOLf C s2 +Rf Cf s+Gi(s)Gpwm Gpwm(s)Vref f
+ Lf s+Rf +Gi(s)Gpwm(s)(Gv(s)Zv(s)+1) 2 Rf Cf s+Gi(s)Gpwm Gpwm(s)IO Lf Cf s (4) where Gv(s) is the voltage controller transfer function and Vref is the reference voltage. The output voltage (4) can be Fig. 6. The time procedure of an unintentional islanding. described by Gconv(s) is the closed-loop transfer function of the conventional VCM strategy. Vo ZoconvIo (5) ? EDER ??Gconv(s) Gv(s)Gi(s)Gpwm(s) s2+Rf Cf s+Gi(s)Gpwm(s)(Gv(s)+Cf s)+1-Gpwm(s) (6) Lf s+Rf +Gi(s)Gpwm(s)(Gv(s)Zv(s)+1) Lf Cf s2+Rf Cf s+Gi(s)Gpwm(s)(Gv(s)+Cf s)+1-Gpwm(s) The output impedance Zoconv can be reshaped through a virtual impedance (Zv) for different objectives such as power sharing [27]. According to (5), the DER can be modeled by a Thevenin equivalent circuit. Fig. 4(b) shows the equivalent circuit of the DER in grid-forming strategy which is represented by a voltage source in series with an impedance Zo. C. Transition Between Modes In opposed to intentional islanding, it is impossible to adjust DER controller set-point or its operation point instantaneously in the case of unintentional islanding. In such a case, voltage and current output of DER may experience large deviation because of the low inertia of power electronic converters. The performance of the DER controller is the most effective factor on fluctuations’ magnitude and its duration in transition mode. Therefore, the controller in islanding mode must be able to resist against large deviations and maintain the steady state condition within an accepted range. Fig. 6 shows the transition procedure of a MG from gridconnected to islanding mode. It is assumed that the MG operates in the grid-connected mode. At t = T1, the circuit breaker is opened consequent to unintentional islanding. Islanding detection algorithm confirms the islanding situation in a few power cycles. At t = T2, the mode transfer signal (switch to the grid-forming strategy) is issued. Thus, DERs continue to operate in grid feeding strategy within the time interval T1 to T2. III. PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY In this section, the objective is to propose a control strategy for DERs at the primary level in order to have a good performance in the transition from GC to IS mode consequent upon unintentional islanding. Fig. 7 shows the structure of the proposed control strategy for a converter-based DER. A smooth transition compensator is added to the control structure of Fig. 2 to guarantee fluctuations mitigation. The compensator has two inputs including capacitor current (Ic) and output current (Io). The appropriate output signals are generated by two different transfer functions, and then added Fig. 7. Overall structure of the proposed control strategy for a converter-based DER. Fig. 8. Block diagram of the proposed control strategy with modified voltage controller in islanding mode. to the voltage controller. The voltage controller with smooth transition compensator called as a modified voltage controller. A. Modified Voltage Controller The magnitude and duration of the deviations depend on performance of the controller. In order to enforce the magnitude and duration of the deviations in an acceptable limit, the voltage controller must provide more damping. By adding the capacitor current feedback to the voltage loop in Fig. 2, the new voltage references can be calculated as: V Vref – GIc(s)Ic (7) where Ic is the capacitor current and GIc(s) is a high pass filter. GIc(s) is expressed as: KIcs GIc(s) = + (8) s wIc KIc and wIc are gain and cut-off frequency. Using this feedback, the VCM strategy in Fig. 5 is modified as Fig. 8. By combining (7) and (5), the closed-loop transfer function of the output voltage (Vo – Vref ) is Vo = Gconv Gconv (9) Using Ic = Cf sVo one can write: Vo = GconvCf sVo (10) Thus, the final form of the closed loop transfer function is obtained as: Gconv(s) Vo = + Vref = Gproposed(s)Vref (11) 1 Gconv(s)GIc(s)Cf s To analyze the performance of the proposed controller, time domain (step response) and frequency domain (frequency TABLE I ELECTRICAL AND CONTROL PARAMETERS Fig. 9. Frequency response of the closed-loop transfer function (Vo-Vref ) of Gconv(s) and Gproposed(s) with KIc = 15 and wIc = 400Hz. Fig. 10. Step response of the closed-loop transfer function (Vo-Vref ) of Gconv(s) and Gproposed(s) with KIc = 15 and wIc = 400Hz. response) studies are done. The MG and controller parameters are given in Table I. The comparative results of the frequency response of the closed-loop tracking voltage transfer function Gproposed(s) and Gconv(s) are shown in Fig. 9. It can be found that the proposed controller mitigates the peak magnitude in the frequency response. It is clear that the bandwidth of the conventional controller is lower than the proposed controller. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller Gproposed(s) compared to Gconv(s), their step responses are depicted in Fig. 10. According to Fig. 5, the output current (Io) can be modeled as a disturbance in the simplified block diagram of the control strategy with LC filter plant. The output voltage is known to have a relation with output current as (5). Thus, a fluctuation in the output current could affect the output voltage directly. Fig. 11. Frequency response of the closed loop transfer function of (Vo-Io) for conventional (Zoconv) and proposed controller (Zoproposed). Fig. 12. Step response of the closed loop transfer function of (Vo-Io) for conventional (Zoconv) and proposed controller (Zoproposed). In order to decrease output current disturbance effect on the output voltage, a feed-forward of the output current is added to the proposed voltage control strategy as an input of the current controller (see Fig. 8). Thus, new reference of the current controller is obtained as: I Irefv + Go(s)Io (12) where Irefv* and Go(s) are new current reference and high pass filter transfer function, respectively. Go(s) can be described as: Kos Go(s) = + (13) s wo where Ko and wo are gain and cut-off frequency. By applying feed-forward current, the closed-loop transfer function (Vo – Io) in (6) is modified as: Zo = Zoconv – Gi(s)Gpwm(s)Go(s) (14) By considering the capacitor current feedback in Fig. 8, the equivalent output impedance for the proposed control strategy can be expressed as follows: Zoproposed (s)) = Lf Cf s2+Rf Cf s Cf s Gpwm(s) (15) Frequency and step response of the proposed and conventional approaches, for the output impedance, are sketched in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12, respectively. The proposed approach has a smaller peak in resonance frequency and higher bandwidth than the conventional approach. It can be seen the proposed approach has a smaller gain in a wide range of frequency, which means large disturbance rejection. Moreover, the overshoot magnitude and oscillations are decreased significantly in the proposed approach (see Fig. 12). Finally, according to Fig. 8, the closed-loop transfer function of the modified voltage controller can be expressed as: Gproposed Zoproposed Go(s)) Rf Cf s + Gi(s)Gpwm(s) Gpwm(s). (16) B. Modified Droop Control As mentioned above, the output voltage phase changing or jumping at switching time between two controllers will increase the output voltage and current deviations. As shown in Fig. 9, the closed loop transfer function (16) of inner loops (current controller and voltage controller) has a unity gain and zero phase shift in a wide range of frequencies. Thus, the output voltage phase and amplitude of the DER can approximately be determined by power controller which is based on droop mechanism in this work. The output voltage reference generated by droop control can be expressed as [16]: Vref (17) where E is the voltage amplitude reference, ?* is the angular frequency reference, and ? is the generated phase by (5). Although the conventional droop provides some advantages, the deviation of phase associated with mode transition or load switching in islanding mode, may affect the MG stability. To deal with this issue, the conventional frequency droop mechanism can be rearranged as follows: P Twc (18) m m where Twc is the time constant of low pass filter in droop control, and Twc/m and 1/m are the equivalent moment of inertia and damping coefficient, respectively. Therefore, the system inertia would increase by decreasing m which could enforce phase deviation at a low level. Thus, a modified droop control is proposed to adjust its coefficient properly. The general form of the modified droop control is given as follows: ? = ?* – fi m,P, dP (19) dt One can write the function fi(.) of (19) as dPdP fi m,P, = – m (20) dt Proposed nonlinear term Derivative term the Q – E droop equation is introduced as follows: dQ E E* nQ – nd (21) dt where md, nd and ß are the derivative coefficients and expo- nential coefficient respectively. The performance and stability of the derivative term is studied in [8] and [16]. In steady state dp/dt will be equal to zero and the proposed droop control behaves like the conventional droop. A dead-band is employed for dp/dt to avoid enabling against minor variations. IV. SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS The proposed control strategy parameters must be designed in such a way that the MG stability is guaranteed. According to Fig. 9 to Fig. 12, inner loops have a desirable behaviors. It is noticeable that the power controller is the lowest control loop and it could be analyzed separately ignoring inner loops dynamic behavior [16], [26]. Hence, for stability evaluating of the modified droop control, a small signal analysis has been conducted. Power injection of a DER connected to the grid through a reactance can be expressed [16] as follow: EV Psin? (22) X EV V2 X X Q = cos? – (23) By linearizing (22) and (23) around a specific operation point, one can write: c V
wc X cos where P, Q, E, and ? are small perturb around operation point. E, and V are operation point variables and X is output reactance. The Linear model of the proposed droop control with the assumption of ea ˜ (1 + a) is derived as: ? = ?* – 1 – ß dP – md dP (25) dt dt By perturbing above equation around the equilibrium point and assuming 0, Laplace form of (25) and (21) are obtained as: ? P (26) E = E* ndsQ (27) By using (24), (26) and (27), the small signal model becomes: s? = ? = (-m + ßmP0s – mds) wc V sinE E cos? × wc + s X + wc V E = -(n + nds) + cosE – E sin? wc s X By substituting (29) into (28), one can write wc V s? = (-m+mßP0s-mds)× + wc sX × ? (30) Finally, the characteristic equation is calculated as: s3 + As2 + Bs + C = 0 (31) wcV A ndwcV mdEV wcnd X V wcnd (32) X Fig. 13. Root loci of the system considering the proposed solution: (a) ß = 0, 10-2 and 10-1 and md = 7 × 10-7 for 10-6 = m = 32 × 10-5, (b) ß = 0,10-2 and 10-1 and m = 32 × 10-5 for 10-7 = md = 10-6. (33) V V C mE (34) Xd X where Xd X+ndwcVcos. By using the characteristic equation and the parameters displayed in Table I, the root locus is provided in Fig. 13. Fig. 13(a) shows the root locus of the system for different values of m and ß. It can be seen that complex eigenvalues (?2, ?3) move toward real axis with the larger real part when ß is increased. It means that the system would have more damping. The root locus of the system for different values of md and ß is illustrated in Fig. 13(b). With increasing md and ß, complex eigenvalues are adopted larger real part and smaller imaginary part so that we can obtain improved dynamic performance of the system. It is worth mentioning that dynamic loads such as motors influence the system dynamics. These dynamics can be modeled as a CPL in small signal stability analysis [28]. The complete small signal model of the MG with loads can be found in [29]. To evaluate efficacy of the proposed controller under dynamic loads, the small signal model of the test MG have been developed. The complete small signal model of the test MG can be described as follows: x?INV xINV ? ? ? ? ? ilineDQ? ? = AMG? ilineDQ ? (35) iloadDQ? iloadDQ Model Matrices can be found in [29] which are calculated based on the given parameters in Table. I. The dominant eigenvalues of the derived model are illustrated in Fig. 14. According to Fig. 14 (a), the system has eigenvalues with positive real part in conventional strategy. These positive eigenvalues are increasing with negative incremental resistance increasing of CPL. In order to overcome destabilizing effect of CPL, the proposed strategy can change positive eigenvalues toward left half plane which is shown in Fig. 14 (b). V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The MG system, shown in Fig. 1, was implemented in the Intelligent MG Laboratory at Aalborg University to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. Fig. 15 shows Fig. 14. Root loci of the dominant eigenvalues of the system considering dynamic loads: (a) conventional strategy, (b) the proposed strategy. Fig. 15. Experimental setup for implementing the MG system in Fig. 1. a photo of the experimental setup. Three 2.2 kW Danfoss inverters equipped by LCL filters and line and load impedances were used to build the MG setup. A power transformer is used as grid and a controllable switch to emulate CB. The proposed approach is first constructed in MATLAB/Simulink and then implemented in an HIL-based real-time simulation platform (dSPACE1006). The electrical and control parameters are given in Table I. The MG operates under grid-connected mode. CB is opened at time t = T1 = 4.4 s consequent to an unintentional islanding disturbance. After 100 ms, i.e., the time period required for islanding detection algorithm, the MG will go to islanding mode. For the experimental studies, a passive islanding detection approach [30] with criteria of ±10% magnitude voltage deviation and ±0.5Hz frequency deviation is employed. In GC mode, all the DERs operate in grid-following strategy and are responsible for injecting 300 W to the grid. Fig. 16 to Fig. 21 show the experimental results of the conventional and the proposed controller during the transition from GC to IS mode. Due to low inertia and lack of enough damping, the output current has a large fluctuation with high overshoot and settling time as shown in Fig. 16(a). By providing more inertia and damping using the proposed controller, deviation of the output current is significantly suppressed, as it can be observed in Fig. 16(b). Accordingly, it behaves like a first order system. Fig. 17 and Fig. 18 show the voltage waveform and the voltage magnitude at bus 1 that has been suffered under voltage and drops to 100 V approximately. The output voltage drop of DERs is remarkably compensated because of the proper performance of the proposed controller. The restoration process of voltage is improved significantly by the proposed controller. Fig. 16. Output current waveform of DER 1 during transition from gridconnected to islanding mode: (a) conventional strategy, (b) proposed strategy. Fig. 17. Output voltage waveforms of DER 1 during transition from gridconnected to islanding mode: (a) conventional strategy, (b) proposed strategy. Fig. 18. Voltage amplitude of DER 1 in the presence of both conventional strategy and the proposed strategy. The injected active and reactive power of DER 1 and DER 3 during the transition mode are depicted in Fig. 19 and Fig. 20, respectively. The Large fluctuation in current and voltage results in high oscillatory performance with relatively long duration in active and reactive power of DERs. Fig. 19. Generated active power of the DERs in the presence of both controllers, (a) DER 1, (b) DER 3. Fig. 20. Generated reactive power of the DERs in the presence of both controllers, (a) DER 1, (b) DER 3. Fig. 21. Frequency of the system under both conventional and the proposed strategy. Since the parallel operation of DERs for active power sharing is based on droop control, and frequency is a function of active power, it has a non-smooth behavior (see Fig. 21). It is obvious that frequency reaches a steady-state value much faster using the proposed controller. The experimental results show that the overshoot of the output current is decreased from 200% in the base case to 5% in the proposed controller. In this case, the settling time of the proposed controller is significantly diminished. Opposed to the conventional approaches, the proposed controller improves the dynamic response, e.g., the overshoot of the voltage magnitude of DER1 is limited to ~15% of the steady-state value. VI. CONCLUSION This paper proposes an effective control strategy for smooth transition from grid-connected to islanding mode due to unintentional islanding. The proposed control strategy includes two compensators, i.e., capacitor current feedback, output current feed-forward loops, and a modified droop mechanism. The proposed droop control can reduce the frequency deviation to a desirable level. The performance of the compensator has been analyzed in frequency and time domains. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller such as overshoot reduction, bandwidth increasing, and damping improvement. A small signal analysis has been developed for the modified droop control to capture convenient coefficients. To investigate CPL destabilizing effect on the MG, a separate small signal stability with different CPL values have been studied. The theoretical analysis has been verified by the experimental results obtained for both conventional and the proposed control strategy. It has been shown that the proposed control strategy provides a proper performance. Eventually, a smooth transition to islanding mode is guaranteed. REFERENCES [1] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Rodríguez, “Control of power converters in AC microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4734–4749, Nov. 2012. [2] T. L. Vandoorn, J. C. Vasquez, J. De Kooning, J. M. Guerrero, and L. Vandevelde, “Microgrids: Hierarchical control and an overview of the control and reserve management strategies,” IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 42–55, Dec. 2013. [3] A. H. Etemadi and R. Iravani, “Supplementary mechanisms for smooth transition between control modes in a microgrid,” Elect. Power Syst. Res., vol. 142, pp. 249–257, Jan. 2017. [4] S. Sajadian and R. Ahmadi, “Model predictive control of dual-mode operations z-source inverter: Islanded and grid-connected,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 4488–4497, May 2018. [5] S. M. Ashabani and Y. A.-R. I. Mohamed, “A flexible control strategy for grid-connected and islanded microgrids with enhanced stability using nonlinear microgrid stabilizer,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1291–1301, Sep. 2012. [6] J. Kim, J. M. Guerrero, P. Rodriguez, R. Teodorescu, and K. Nam, “Mode adaptive droop control with virtual output impedances for an inverter-based flexible AC microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 689–701, Mar. 2011. [7] J. Wang, N. C. P. Chang, X. Feng, and A. Monti, “Design of a generalized control algorithm for parallel inverters for smooth microgrid transition operation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 4900–4914, Aug. 2015. [8] Y. A.-R. I. Mohamed and A. A. Radwan, “Hierarchical control system for robust microgrid operation and seamless mode transfer in active distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 352–362, Jun. 2011. [9] X. Li, H. Zhang, M. B. Shadmand, and R. Balog, “Model predictive control of voltage source inverter with seamless transition between islanded and grid-connected operations,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 7906–7918, Oct. 2017. [10] H. Mahmood and J. Jiang, “A control strategy of a distributed generation unit for seamless transfer between grid connected and islanded modes,” in Proc. Ind. Electron. (ISIE), 2014, pp. 2518–2523. [11] L. G. Meegahapola, D. Robinson, A. Agalgaonkar, S. Perera, and P. Ciufo, “Microgrids of commercial buildings: Strategies to manage mode transfer from grid connected to islanded mode,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1337–1347, Oct. 2014. [12] C.-L. Chen, Y. Wang, J.-S. Lai, Y.-S. Lee, and D. Martin, “Design of parallel inverters for smooth mode transfer microgrid applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 6–15, Jan. 2010. [13] Z. Guo, D. Sha, and X. Liao, “Voltage magnitude and frequency control of three-phase voltage source inverter for seamless transfer,” IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 200–208, Jan. 2014. [14] J. Kwon, S. Yoon, and S. Choi, “Indirect current control for seamless transfer of three-phase utility interactive inverters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 773–781, Feb. 2012. [15] G. G. Talapur, H. Suryawanshi, L. Xu, and A. Shitole, “A reliable microgrid with seamless transition between grid connected and islanded mode for residential community with enhanced power quality,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 5246–5255, Oct. 2018. [16] J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, A. Luna, P. Rodríguez, and R. Teodorescu, “Adaptive droop control applied to voltage-source inverters operating in grid-connected and islanded modes,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 4088–4096, Oct. 2009. [17] Y. Chen, J. M. Guerrero, Z. Shuai, Z. Chen, L. Zhou, and A. Luo, “Fast reactive power sharing, circulating current and resonance suppression for parallel inverters using resistive-capacitive output impedance,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 5524–5537, Aug. 2016. [18] IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 1547, 2003. [19] G. Lou, W. Gu, J. Wang, J. Wang, and B. Gu, “A unified control scheme based on a disturbance observer for seamless transition operation of inverter-interfaced distributed generation,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 5444–5454, Sep. 2018. [20] J. Liu, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, “Comparison of dynamic characteristics between virtual synchronous generator and droop control in inverterbased distributed generators,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3600–3611, May 2016. [21] U. Tamrakar, D. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, B. Bhattarai, T. Hansen, and R. Tonkoski, “Virtual inertia: Current trends and future directions,” Appl. Sci., vol. 7, no. 7, p. 654, Jun. 2017. [22] X. Meng, Z. Liu, J. Liu, T. Wu, S. Wang, and B. Liu, “Comparison between virtual synchronous generator and droop controlled inverter,” in Proc. IEEE 2nd Annu. South. Power Electron. Conf. (SPEC), 2016, pp. 1–6. [23] G. Shen, D. Xu, L. Cao, and X. Zhu, “An improved control strategy for grid-connected voltage source inverters with an LCL filter,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1899–1906, Jul. 2008. [24] G. Shen, X. Zhu, J. Zhang, and D. Xu, “A new feedback method for PR current control of LCL-filter-based grid-connected inverter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 2033–2041, Jun. 2010. [25] F. D. Freijedo et al., “Tuning of synchronous-frame PI current controllers in grid-connected converters operating at a low sampling rate by MIMO root locus,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 5006–5017, Aug. 2015. [26] N. L. Díaz, E. A. Coelho, J. C. Vásquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “Stability analysis for isolated AC microgrids based on PV-active generators,” in Proc. Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), 2015, pp. 4214–4221. [27] H. Zhang, S. Kim, Q. Sun, and J. Zhou, “Distributed adaptive virtual impedance control for accurate reactive power sharing based on consensus control in microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1749–1761, Jul. 2017. [28] N. Bottrell, M. Prodanovic, and T. C. Green, “Dynamic stability of a microgrid with an active load,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 5107–5119, Nov. 2013. [29] N. Pogaku, M. Prodanovic, and T. C. Green, “Modeling, analysis and testing of autonomous operation of an inverter-based microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 613–625, Mar. 2007. [30] W. Bower and M. Ropp, Evaluation of Islanding Detection Methods for Photovoltaic Utilityinteractive Power Systems, IEA PVPS, St. Ursen, Switzerland, Mar. 2002
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Assessment 2: Assessment type: Individual written assessment (1,000 words) Purpose: Assessment 1 is a report critically analysing a nominated website. Students must identify all the good interface design principles used in the website design. The report should point out the good and bad practices of interface design. This assessment contributes to learning outcomes a and b. Value: 20% Due Date: Week 5 Assessment topic: Analysis of nominated website Task Details: Write an analysis report on one of the following type of websites: o Magazine website. o News Website. o Crowdfunding Website. o TV or video streaming Website. o Community forum Website. The report should include the following points:
Introduction: The introduction about your selected website. All the relevant information and background details should include.
Website Structure: The structure of your chosen website should be covered properly. The report should include how the website is set up, the individual subpages are linked to one another etc.
Interface Design: Identify at least 5-6 good and bad interface design principles used in the website design. Justify the good and bad interface design identified by you.
Screenshots: Provide screenshot samples for all the good and bad interface design principles you have identified in the website and support those with discussion.
Conclusion and Recommendations: After the analysis provide a comprehensive summary of the report. Also, add the limitations you have studied and what will be the future scope to overcome those limitations
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Assessment Title Assessment 3 – Destination Assessment Report Learning Outcome/s 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 Assessment type (group or individual) Individual Weighting N/A Word count Approximately 3000 words excluding executive summary, references and appendices Format / Layout of Assessment Proposal: ICMS Cover Page Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Findings (Current state of the destination, current visitation, and goals of DAP) Conclusions (Gap to be filled by proposed business) Proposed Tourism Business Reference List Appendices X X X X X X X X X Assessment instructions Scenario: A couple that have been living and working in the tourism industry overseas for the past ten years, are planning to return home to Australia, and more specifically the Great Ocean Road region of Victoria in the next few months. Knowing that tourism is a vital contributor to the economy of the region, they are thinking that they would like to start their own business. You have been asked by the couple to provide an assessment of the region, and recommendation for a new business opportunity in the tourism sector. The business you propose can be an attraction, activity, tour provider or boutique accommodation, but you will need to demonstrate that there is a market for this business and that it fits with the overall strategic tourism objectives for the region. The region is currently divided into sixteen separate destinations, each with its own Destination Action Plan (DAP). These can be found here https://greatoceanroadtourism.org.au/destination-action-plans/ . You will need to pick which of these destinations your business would be located in and ensure that what you propose aligns with the DAP for that destination. Your task is to write a report that: ? Critically appraises the region, its current visitors, current experiential offerings and tourism infrastructure. ? Evaluates the strategic tourism objectives for the region as a whole and the specific destination objectives as per the DAP. ? Identifies a gap in the current experiential offering that is aligned with the DAP for the selected destination. ? Proposes a tourism business that would fill that gap. ? Identifies the specific target market/s, who they are, how you selected them and why you think they would be interested what your business has to offer. ? Identifies what key relationships/partnerships the business would need to be successful. ? Outlines specific goals for your business to achieve. ? Specifies how you would measure the success of your business in achieving the objectives of the region and long-term viability of its operations. The report must be well researched (based on relevant and reliable sources), and incorporate theories, management principles and the published strategies of tourism agencies that promote tourism and visitation to the Great Ocean Road region of Victoria. It should be written in an academic style, approx. 3000 words in length (not including executive summary, reference list or any appendices). Be particularly careful to avoid plagiarism that is, passing other people’s work off as your own (academic theft). Penalties for plagiarism are heavy and may include failure in the course. The main criteria for success: 1.Insight – The report should demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the destination/attraction experiential services and qualities, and tourist/visitor motivation theory and the role of stakeholders in providing and managing this.
Substantiation – The report should be underpinned by course material and additional readings around the topic. 3.Clarity and structure – The report should be well structured and clearly presented Readings for the assessment (instructions where they can be found e.g. MyAthens database, Moodle etc.) Relevant readings for this assessment can be found on Moodle, relevant agency websites and using the EBSCO Discovery service. Grading Criteria / Rubric The grading rubric for this assessment is attached
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Assessment 3 Assessment type: Ethical analysis – individual assignment (1,500 words) Purpose: This assessment will allow students to conduct the ethical analysis of a situation provided by them and approved by tutor. This assessment contributes to learning outcomes a and b. Topic: Students need to identify maximum four situations in the department allocated as per your student ID. Analyse them based on any four ethical philosophies taught to you in this unit. Students will demonstrate that they can identify, assess and analyse the situation. Task Details: Background Since its foundation in 1937, globally, Toyota has strived continuously to contribute to the sustainable development of society and the planet through its business operations. Their principle that they have continued since Toyota Australia started in 1963 and has helped to cement their position as Australia’s leading automotive company. Motor vehicles greatly expand the freedom of mobility, however, they recognised that they can also have an effect on the society and the environment. With this in mind, they listened carefully to their stakeholders as they pursued a business that works towards harmony with people, society, and the global environment. They are continuously innovating to develop vehicles that meet the needs of the market both now and into the future. Their research focuses on vehicles powered by a range of alternative fuels and vehicles with the potential for automated driving. They continue to work towards vehicles that are safe for everyone, and that maintain the standards of durability and reliability that people expect from the Toyota brand. Identify minimum one and maximum four situations in the department allocated as per your student ID. Analyse them based on any four ethical philosophies taught to you in this unit. Identify minimum one and maximum four situations in the department allocated as per your student ID. Analyse them based on any four ethical philosophies taught to you in this unit. Departments Department 1: The Production function undertakes the activities necessary to provide the organisation’s products or services. Its main responsibilities are: o production planning and scheduling o control and supervision of the production workforce o managing product quality (including process control and monitoring o maintenance of plant and equipment o control of inventory o deciding the best production methods and factory layout. Department 2: The Research and Development (R&D) function is concerned with developing new products or processes and improving existing products/processes. R&D activities must be closely coordinated with the organisation’s marketing activities to ensure that the organisation is providing exactly what its customers want in the most efficient, effective, and economical way. want in the most efficient, effective, and economical way. Department 3: The Purchasing function is concerned with acquiring goods and services for use by the organisation. These will include, for example, raw materials and components for manufacturing and also production equipment. The responsibilities of this function usually extend to buying goods and services for the entire organisation (not just the Production function), including, for example, office equipment, furniture, computer equipment and stationery. In buying goods and services, purchasing managers must consider a number of factors – Quantity, Quality, Price and Delivery. Department 4: Marketing is concerned with identifying and satisfying customers’ needs at the right price. Marketing involves researching what customers want and analysing how the organisation can satisfy these wants. Marketing activities range from the ‘strategic’, concerned with the choice of product markets (and how to compete in them, for example, on price or product differentiation) to the operational, arranging sales promotions (e.g., offering a 25 per cent discount), producing literature such as product catalogues and brochures, placing advertisements in the appropriate media and so on. A fundamental activity in marketing is managing the Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Department 5: The Human Resources function is concerned with the following: o Recruitment and selection. Ensuring that the right people are recruited to the right jobs. o Training and development. Enabling employees to carry out their responsibilities effectively and make use of their potential. o Employee relations. Including negotiations related to pay and conditions. o Grievance procedures and disciplinary matters. Dealing with complaints from employees or from the employer. o Health and Safety matters Making sure employees work in a healthy and safe environment. o Redundancy procedures Administering a proper system that is seen to be fair to all concerned when deciding on redundancies and agreeing redundancy payments. Investigate and reflect upon one of the above departments using Ethical Guidelines published by organisations such as: EA and ACS. Investigate and reflect upon one of the above departments using Ethical Guidelines published by organisations such as: EA and ACS. Students with ID ending with 0 or 5, have Department number 1 Students with ID ending with 1 or 6, have Department number 2 Students with ID ending with 2 or 7, have Department number 3 Students with ID ending with 3 or 8, have Department number 4 Students with ID ending with 4 or 9, have Department number 5 Students will prepare a business style report of approximately 1500 words which analyses the above scenario through the lens of any of the FOUR (4) ethical philosophies presented in lecture. For assistance in report writing techniques the relevant resources will be provided through Moodle. A suggested report structure is as follows: o title page o executive summary o table of contents o introduction o ethical analysis o conclusion o references o appendices
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Organizations must stay up-to-date on their vulnerabilities and protection measures. Once vulnerabilities have been evaluated, the organization uses this information to develop a risk assessment plan. This plan should consider the perspectives of owners, shareholders, employees, policy makers, suppliers, and customers.
In this project, “Risk Assessment,” use the previous findings from Project 1, “Vulnerability and Threat Assessment Report,” to recommend an action plan for the risk assessment assigned in this project. The final assignment is a five- to seven-page review or summary of the risk assessment. Note that this is not a complete risk management report, but a “what if” report outlining potentials in both attacks and possible responses.
For this particular project, grades are based on the ability to clearly and accurately assess policies, processes, and technologies to identify and assess risk and articulate effective mitigation strategies to achieve the appropriate security needed for the enterprise.
This is the second of four sequential projects. There are 12 steps in this project. Begin below to review the project scenario.
Transcript
Competencies
Your work will be evaluated using the competencies listed below.
2.1: Identify and clearly explain the issue, question, or problem under critical consideration.
2.5: Develop well-reasoned ideas, conclusions or decisions, checking them against relevant criteria and benchmarks.
9.3: Risk Assessment: Assess policies, processes, and technologies that are used to create a balanced approach to identifying and assessing risks and to manage mitigation strategies that achieve the security needed.
· Project 2: Risk Assessment
Step 1: Review the Risk Management Framework
· As the first step in preparing the risk assessment, review the risk management implementation framework and the risk management technologies that you might use in your assessment.
· In the subsequent sections of this project, you will write a risk assessment summary report that can be used in addressing cybersecurity threats through risk management.
· When this first step is complete, move to the next step, where you will create a list of vulnerable assets
· Step 2: Document Vulnerable Assets
· In the opening step, you considered the risk management implementation framework and the risk management technologies you might use. Now, it’s time to list the organization’s vulnerable assets.
· In order to conduct effective information risk management, the vulnerabilities of the system must be understood and documented prior to starting the assessment, regardless of which of the risk assessment approaches is used.
· Begin by conducting a thorough review of the recently completed Vulnerability and Threat Assessment report. During the review, pay particular attention to which security risks to information systems that might be relevant and consider varying types of risk assessment and analysis.
· Using the Vulnerable Assets Template, identify and create a list of assets considered vulnerable. This is a simple list, not prioritized, not valued, simply identified, but complete. Pay particular attention to application software in both the acquisition and implementation phases. This list of vulnerable assets will also be used during the next step.
· Submit the completed list of vulnerable assets for feedback.
· Submission for Project 2: Vulnerable Asset List · Previous submissions
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· In the next step, you will take the vulnerable assets and use them to identify specific internal and external threats.
· Step 3: Review the Vulnerable Assets List
· In the previous step, a list of vulnerable assets was compiled from the Vulnerability and Threat Report in the previous project. Now, incorporate any feedback from the previous step and identify specific cybersecurity threats, including network access risk by devices to those assets.
· Again, the Vulnerability and Threat Assessment final report is the starting point to fulfill this step in the Risk Assessment. Compiling a complete list of threats and vulnerabilities will act as a comprehensive review of your vulnerability assessment as well as potentially expand the list, now that you have greater input and a second look at your previous results.
· Step 4: Document Internal and External Threats
· You’ve reviewed the list of vulnerable assets, and in this step, you will document threats. Recall that a threat is any event, action, or factor that has the potential to cause damage to the enterprise. Threats can come from a variety of sources, including people (a hacker stealing employee passwords) and natural events (a power blackout causing data loss).
· Use the Internal and External Threats Template to add all threats and vulnerabilities—internal and external to the enterprise—and tie them to the itemized assets that will be affected. Note that external threats will include a comprehensive review by device type at network access, both direct and indirect, a view of the social media landscape as a threat.
· Submit the itemized list of threats for feedback.
· Submission for Project 2: Internal and External Threats List · Previous submissions
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· In the next step, you will conduct research and report on inputs for threats and vulnerabilities.
· Step 5: Research Relevant Environmental Factors
· This step continues to build on the internal and external threats as itemized in the previous step by researching relevant external inputs.
· Since cybersecurity is a complex and multifaceted endeavor, an effective analysis of threats includes consideration of the threat landscape inherent within the context in which the enterprise operates.
· Researching how the external context and environment contribute to threats and vulnerabilities is critical because no company or industry is an island, particularly as it pertains to cybersecurity. The very nature of cybersecurity is hyperconnectivity—across companies within the same industry and across industries with similar information demands.
· Be sure to seek external input into the particular situation, specific threats and vulnerabilities, best practices, regulatory factors, government policy issues, previous industry issues, etc. Conduct thorough research in the industry and related industries about previous actions and activities that could affect your company.
· When the research is complete, you will use it in the next step to create a list of external threats and vulnerabilities.
· Step 6: Describe External/Environmental Inputs to Threats and Vulnerabilities
· Using your research from the previous step, create a list of external industry sources and best practices that might apply. Include one or two sentences for each input, commenting on why you think it would add value to your Risk Assessment.
· Submit your list of external inputs of threats and vulnerabilities for feedback.
· Submission for Project 2: External Inputs of Threats and Vulnerabilities · Previous submissions
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· Next, you will identify potential and actual business impacts.
· Step 7: Identify Business Impacts and Probabilities
· Remember, cyber risk management and compliance is not just about the technology. It is also about the impact people, policies, and processes can have on the financial results of the company. After the previous step, in which you created a list of threats and vulnerabilities, now it’s important to consider the effects on business as part of risk assessment.
· Each enterprise must identify and address its own unique threat issues because the most obvious threats are not always the most dangerous ones. Many common threats, such as fire, are already mitigated to a high degree through local building codes and modern infrastructure redundancies. These might not require any further action. However, obscure threats, such as disruptive actions taken by a malicious insider, may be completely unmitigated.
· Any risk assessment should include a view of the business impact should an identified threat become a reality. Also consider the likelihood of occurrence for each threat so the list can be prioritized and appropriately managed.
· For this step, use the external inputs of threats and vulnerabilities compiled in the previous step to consider the business (monetary) impact of any realized threats and the prioritization of these threats by potential impact to the enterprise. In the next step, you will create a list of the business impacts.
· Step 8: List Business Impacts and Probabilities
· You identified the potential financial impacts should identified threats become realities in the last step. Here, use your findings to complete the Business Impacts and Probabilities Matrix, listing each identified threat and the risk, the probability, and a potential mitigation to include all policies, processes, and technologies to be used in formulation of financially and logistically sound mitigation strategy.
· After you’ve completed this step, you will document and prioritize risk responses. Submit your Business Impacts and Probabilities Matrix for feedback.
· Submission for Project 2: Business Impacts and Probabilities Matrix · Previous submissions
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· Step 9: Consider Risk Response Strategies
· Now that you have developed a comprehensive list of potential risks with probabilities and potential business impact, it is time to consider possible risk response strategies for these risks. In the next step, you will document and prioritize risk responses.
Step 10: Document and Prioritize Risk Responses
In this step, you will prioritize your selected risk responses from the last step based on several factors:
The economic impact to the organization should the assessed risk occur.
The likelihood (probability) of an event that would activate the risk.
The arrangement of assets ranked by priority based on the highest value of the following formula: (economic impact) X (probability) = risk
SHAPE \* MERGEFORMAT
Risk Formula
Use the Prioritized Risks and Response Matrix template to submit your findings for feedback.
Submission for Project 2: Prioritized Risks and Response Matrix Previous submissions
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After this process, you will be ready for the final step, the risk assessment summary report.
Step 11: Compile Your Work Up to This Point
You’ve prioritized your list of risk responses. It’s time to take a look at everything compiled so far for the Risk Assessment Summary Report. Keep in mind that a full risk management report is an intensive team endeavor that takes considerable time and resources to create. Remember that Maria has not tasked you with generating a full risk management report; rather, she has asked you to write a brief “what if” report outlining potentials in both attacks and possible responses.
In this step, take some time to review, make any updates, and compile your risk findings up to this point in preparation for creating the final report in the next step.
Step 12: Write the Risk Assessment Summary Report
Throughout this project, the necessary information has been assembled to provide your boss Maria with a risk assessment so that she may begin developing a long-term risk management strategy. This final step is compiling that information into a cogent “summary report” for presentation to company executives. This report will summarize the Vulnerability and Threat Assessment with the addition of the Risk Assessment just completed.
It is critical to provide recommendations to help the organization implement effective information risk management practices. Use findings in the previous steps to recommend risk management strategies such as least privilege, separation of duties, mandatory vacation, risk management technologies, and others you have found appropriate.
Remember, the recommendations included in the report should address all aspects of the research—business, economic, and technical reasoning for the conclusions.
Follow these Final Risk Assessment Summary Report requirements while writing the final risk assessment summary.
Check Your Evaluation Criteria
Before you submit your assignment, review the competencies below, which your instructor will use to evaluate your work. A good practice would be to use each competency as a self-check to confirm you have incorporated all of them. To view the complete grading rubric, click My Tools, select Assignments from the drop-down menu, and then click the project title.
2.1: Identify and clearly explain the issue, question, or problem under critical consideration.
2.5: Develop well-reasoned ideas, conclusions or decisions, checking them against relevant criteria and benchmarks.
9.3: Risk Assessment: Assess policies, processes, and technologies that are used to create a balanced approach to identifying and assessing risks and to manage mitigation strategies that achieve the security needed.
Submission for Project 2: Risk Assessment Summary Report
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Briefly respond to all the following questions. Make sure to explain and backup your responses with facts and examples. This assignment should be in APA format and have to include at least two references.
In today’s fast-paced, often “agile” software development, how can the secure design be implemented?
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As many have noted, the pandemic did not start this trend but it was a catalyst that forced many industries to mainstream virtual teams. Now weighing the positives and negatives many are not going back to pure face to face. At the least, they are moving to hybrid teams dynamic for the foreseeable future. Motivations are many and range from cost savings on travel and commercial office space to cut commute time, environmental impact, and spending time with family.
Key dynamics often overlooked in virtual teams is building relationships. In those interpersonal communications, both in the team and individually, show appreciation (Roberts, 2012). As team members are challenged and struggle, a virtual team leader who has relationships with their staff can show empathy, which bonds virtual teams together. The process of building relationships is more difficult virtually, but there are a series of techniques for doing this. Some take several days in the team forming stage to focus on team-building activities. Software virtual team leads during CVD would do their daily stand-ups, then schedule virtual coffee breaks during the day. Another creative team leader had her team cook a meal together or do another activity. Another team leader made a point of being highly aware, empathetic, and supportive during the pandemic. She knew that results would come from her highly competent staff if they could stay focused. Another dynamic is to have virtual teams focus on process (Roberts, 2012). As virtual teams work with less immediate oversight an increased attention to process benchmarks can keep them satisfied as they are geographically independent.
In my field, education and leadership coaching, virtual teams are nothing new in the corporate learning and development arena. Training is often most effective face to face in groups with follow up coaching of implementation and turning knowledge into skills. People tend to be more engaged face to face as the distractions of multi-tasking are reduced. Perhaps the biggest emerging trends in education are taking place in intermediate and secondary education. The pandemic has accelerated rapid innovation in Microsoft Teams for education, expanded Google classrooms, and thousands more apps and sites for content. Thousands of teachers are now making instructional videos for virtual teaching online, making virtual classrooms more interactive. For example, using MS Note with Teams, teachers are now able to review students writing as they are doing it and provide live oral input over Teams.
Engagement online of virtual teams is hard. Some companies have alienated employees by reducing salaries for people working remotely. This triggers people to seek new employment immediately. As stated above, rallying people around a shared purpose for task motivation and bonding them via relationships for interpersonal engagement is valuable. For building our virtual team at the beginning of last year, we met for two weeks face to face, then weekly as a team, and one on one with various tasks constantly across the year. This worked pretty well, but each of us made the extra effort to be relational and take an interest in each other’s personal concerns which were rampant across the CVD year, and look for ways to support each other.
Molinsky, A. (2020). Virtual Meetings Don’t Have to Be a Bore. www.hbr.org.
Stewart, L. (2012, Mar 30,). Building Virtual Teams: Strategies For High Performance. Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2012/03/30/building-virtual-teams-strategies-for-high-performance/
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Enjoy Please Note-You have come to the most reliable academic writing site that will sort all assignments that that you could be having. We write essays, research papers, term papers, research proposals. As many have noted, the pandemic did not start this trend but it was a catalyst that forced many industries to mainstream virtual teams
The Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) are the generally accepted standards for professional appraisal practice in North America. USPAP contains standards for all types of appraisal services. Standards are included for real estate, personal property, business and mass appraisal. The purpose of USPAP is to promote and maintain a high level of public trust in appraisal practice by establishing requirements for appraisers.
All appraisal reports must include a signed and dated certification that these USPAP requirements have been fulfilled. Among the many stipulations, USPAP requires that the appraiser act as a neutral, disinterested third party, who reports the facts in an unbiased manner. These and other requirements comprise the “standard of care” to which appraisers must adhere.
Discuss one USPAP (Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice) Business Valuation Standard and how that standard may apply to a given circumstance in a business valuation engagement.
You are required to submit a thread of at least 450 words in response to the provided prompt for each forum. For each thread, you must support your assertions with at least two (2) scholarly/professional sources (note that Investopedia and Wikipedia are not scholarly/professional sources). Your sources MUST be cited at the end of your post using proper APA format
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