1. (a) According to Browder (2001), what are the 3 characteristics of functional reading?
1. the learning of specific sight words that are immediately useful, and
2. a different approach to learning to read when literacy is not being attained 3. an approach to reading achievement that can be achieved quickly and might inspire more interest in literacy.
(b) Name two limitations of a sight-word-only approach to teaching reading to children with SCD.
1) Students can learn to identify sight words with little to no understanding of how to use this skill in real-world situations.
2) It teaches words separately from other language concepts.
2. Check out the website on writing with symbols @ www.widgit.com and describe three aspects of this feature that may assist children with SCD in communication and early literacy.
3. The appropriate ‘wait-time’ is vital in gendering a response from a child with SCD. Often times the student may know the answer, but takes a bit longer to comprehend the question, and additional time to communicate a response. Review the research on ‘time-delay procedures’ from Collins & Griffen (1996) beginning on page 69.
(a) Give an overall description and results of the study by Collins & Griffen.
(b) Define zero-delay variation in the systematic prompting system.
4. The unit approach has proven successful in teaching literacy and early reading to students with SCD. Review the textbook section on this topic, beginning on page 75.
(a) Define the steps involved in using the unit approach as listed in the textbook.
1) the source of the lesson, 2) at least one objective statement, 3. An attention-getter to introduce the lesson, 4. A plan for encouraging participation in story reading, 5. A review of the story to increase comprehension, 6. A follow-up group skill drill, and 7. The opportunity for independent practice.
(b) Design a virtual unit for students with SCD at the grade level in which you are currently teaching, following the example given in Table 4.4 on page 75.
After reading the text and reviewing the corresponding power point slides you will now apply your knowledge in the following “Try It” exercises.
These are exercises that are meant to be used with your students in the classroom. To gain a better understanding of the process, you will complete them.
Complete Parts 1 and 2. Each activity is worth 10 points for a total of 20 points.
The research paper assignment for this class is split into several smaller assignments. These assignments are described in detail below. You are required to choose a topic in Module 2 by posting it in a discussion, and ideally stick with that topic as you move through other stages.
Generally speaking, your goal is to choose a topic related to criminal justice policy and provide a general overview. This should be a lengthy descriptive essay on a specific policy or policy proposal that is ideally not covered by the module readings or your textbooks. You must use APA format for this paper. If you do not have a current APA manual, I suggest you acquire one, as they are relatively inexpensive. Most major booksellers (Amazon, Barnes and Noble, etc) have it priced around $20 the last time I checked. Minus any references, figures, tables, etc., your paper should be a minimum of 10 pages of text. I would say no more than 15 pages of text if you were looking for a maximum. I tend to want to move on to a new topic at that point.
A note on sources: Wikipedia is not allowed as a reference (this should not have to be said, but I am saying it anyway). You can, however, use Wikipedia to find sources, since some articles on Wikipedia have a list of source information from academic journals and other acceptable sources at the bottom of the page. Websites that are used as sources generally must end in .org, .gov, or .edu, and the content must be approved by me. There are some good research and governmental reports online, but your primary sources should be scholarly books and journal articles. Most nonfiction books and academic journals are acceptable content and will not need approval. I will let you know if any sources do not meet approval as long as you submit a list of sources with the earlier assignments. You are allowed to use a reading or two from the course in your list of references, but the bulk of the references need to come from outside sources.
The Prospectus: The Prospectus is a short plan for your paper and includes the following: A title page, a summary OR outline, and an optional list of references (about 3-5 preliminary references for now). If, for example, you plan to write a paper on violence in the South, you would tell me in your abstract that this is your topic and follow that up by giving me the theory you plan to use to explain this phenomenon. You would also want to tell me if you are going to focus on any particular time period. Are you going to be discussing the present, pre- or post- Civil War, the Civil Rights Era, etc. (following the example of violence in the South)? There is no minimum word count for the prospectus, but it should be somewhere in the neighborhood of 1 to 2 pages of text, plus the title page and references. The file for the prospectus should include a title page with your name and a preliminary title in a standard format, followed by the summary, and optional references (so, around 4 pages total). The prospectus is due at the end of Module 4
The Rough Draft: The Rough Draft of your paper needs to be a 60-70% complete version of your paper. You should have your sources finalized at this point, even if you do not cite them all in your paper. I want to see a list of at least 10 sources. A maximum of 2 can be web pages (as long as they are approved by me). Sources can be journal articles (peer reviewed), books, reports from government agencies, web pages (2 max.) and other content with my approval. The file for the outline should include the title page, the text of the rough draft, and the reference page in that order (all in one file). The rough draft is due at the end of Module 6.
The Final Paper: This should be the complete product, revised to reflect any changes I suggest in the final draft. The final paper must meet the guidelines set in the syllabus with regards to word count and follow all guidelines in the syllabus, on the research paper guide, and for all previous paper assignments. The final paper needs to have a title page, an abstract, the text, and a reference page, all in one file. The final paper is due at the end of Module 8
It is not appropriate to submit a paper used in another class for this assignment. If you plan to use the same topic you have used for another class paper, this version must be substantially different from the one used in the other class, and you must inform me that you are using a topic from a prior assignment, and tell me the Professor / Instructor to contact regarding the previous assignment. The policies regarding Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism apply to this assignment.
POSSIBLE TOPIC AREAS: Here is a list of general topical areas derived from past papers I have graded in this area. This may be helpful in developing a topic for your paper. If this is not particularly helpful, feel free to email me. You are not required to choose from this list.
For Police and Society: For Rural Crime and Justice
Agencies use of social media Policing and Technology Intelligence Led Policing Crime mapping to improve patrol strategies Police – Community Relations Community Based Policing Militarization of Police
Rural homicide Domestic Violence in Rural Areas Meth Production and Clandestine Labs Agricultural Theft and Rural Crime Poaching and Illegal Hunting in Rural Areas Rural policing strategies for small agencies Migrant communities and crime in rural areas Rural culture and crime
To: Professor Onuoha, Amen Comment by Amen Onuoha: Include this header section at the beginning of your document.
From: Jill Lile
Date: October 3, 2021
Subject: Does Single-Stream Recycling Save Energy and Resources? Comment by Amen Onuoha: The subject is a direct & specific question that the reader has.
This memo will answer the following questions: Comment by Amen Onuoha: At the beginning, highlight the main points / questions of the document. This section gives a preview of the document.
1. Does single-stream recycling (SSR) save energy and resources in Baltimore County?
2. Where’s the county’s positive SSR data?
3. How can you improve the SSR data?
Single-stream recycling does not save energy and resources in Baltimore County. Comment by Amen Onuoha: Answer the question upfront. The main answer is front and center and the details come later. (Deductive Style)
Since the switch to SSR in 2010, Baltimore County has recycled less and wasted more. The increased waste comes from recycled materials being contaminated as they are mixed into one container (Bell, 2018). Comment by Amen Onuoha: Use RESEARCHED support for your answers.
Example: If a yogurt container has yogurt remaining but is recycled, it soils the paper and other recycled materials that could have been saved if they were recycled separately.
Out of the horse’s mouth, “By practicing waste prevention…you are protecting the environment by conserving natural resources, extending landfill life and saving energy” (Baltimore County Government, 2018).
Baltimore County is doing the exact opposite of what it has said and, in turn, will make our communities unsafe for all residents, especially vulnerable populations like the elderly.
Comment by Amen Onuoha: Notice how this header is question #2 in the preview. Use headers that relate back to your preview. If done here, you can use the same question you
Where’s the County’s Positive SSR Data?
Nowhere to be found.
The county boasts about the thousands of homes it services for recycling and floods its websites with pro single-stream recycling information. But nowhere on its sites will you find evidence-based data showing positive comparisons of before and after SSR.
If the county believes, and it does, that SSR is truly preserving the environment and saving natural resources and renewable energy, wouldn’t the county publicize some of its positive results? After much research, I found that such positive results do not exist.
The County’s Recycling Data Found
In 2009, the county implemented the initial stages of switching from multi-stream to single-stream recycling, so we’ll look at data from 2008. I’ll compare this data to the county’s latest recycling data, which is from 2017.
Note: Mandatorily, this data was reported to the state of Maryland, but the county did not share it on its own websites.
In the data, I’ll highlight total recycling and waste diversion rates (WDR). Waste diversion rate is the percentage of products that are prevented from entering the waste stream. “Waste diversion saves energy, reduces greenhouse gases and other pollutants generated in the manufacturing process and at disposal facilities. [It also] saves natural resources and reduces the amount of waste disposed at solid waste acceptance facilities” (Land, 2018).
2008 Data
In 2008, right before SSR, the county totaled more than 1.9 million tons of recycling and had a WDR of more than 60%.
Comment by Amen Onuoha: Use images where they are applicable. If an image/chart can emphasize your point more, use it.
2017 Data
In 2017, after SSR began, the county totaled about 860 thousand tons of recycling, more than a 50% decrease from 2008. The WDR was less than 45%, which is about a 20% decrease from 2008.
We can change this data for the better, but it’ll take your help.
How Can You Improve the Data?
1. Recycle and make sure your recyclables are clean.
2. Place your recyclables in a recycling bin or trash can marked with an “X.”
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Effects of implementing Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice Guidelines (PUPPG) in the prevention of pressure ulcers among hospitalised elderly patients: a systematic review protocol
Amos Wung Buh,1 Hassan Mahmoud,2 Wenjun Chen ,3,4 Matthew D F McInnes,2,5,6 Dean A Fergusson 6
To cite: Wung Buh A, Mahmoud H, Chen W, et al. Effects of implementing Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice Guidelines (PUPPG) in the prevention of pressure ulcers among hospitalised elderly patients: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2021;11:e043042. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-043042
► Prepublication history and additional material for this paper is available online. To view these files, please visit the journal online (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ bmjopen- 2020- 043042).
AWB and HM contributed equally.
AWB and HM are joint first authors.
Received 23 November 2020 Revised 08 February 2021 Accepted 17 February 2021
For numbered affiliations see end of article.
Correspondence to Wenjun Chen; wchen140@ uottawa. ca
ABSTRACT Introduction Pressure ulcers are serious and potentially life- threatening problems across all age groups and across all medical specialties and care settings. The hospitalised elderly population is the most common group to develop pressure ulcers. This study aims to systematically review studies implementing pressure ulcer prevention strategies recommended in the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice Guidelines for the prevention of pressure ulcers among hospitalised elderly patients globally. Methods and analysis A systematic review of all studies that have assessed the use of pressure ulcer prevention strategies in hospital settings among hospitalised elderly patients shall be conducted. A comprehensive search of all published articles in Medline Ovid, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Scopus and Web of Science will be done using terms such as pressure ulcers, prevention strategies, elderly patients and hospital. Studies will be screened for eligibility through title, abstract and full text by two independent reviewers. Study quality and risk of bias will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute for Meta- Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. If sufficient data are available, a meta- analysis will be conducted to synthesise the effect size reported as OR with 95% CIs using both fixed and random effect models. I2 statistics and visual inspection of the forest plots will be used to assess heterogeneity and identify the potential sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias will be assessed by visual inspections of funnel plots and Egger’s test. Ethics and dissemination No formal ethical approval or consent is required as no primary data will be collected. We aim to publish the research findings in a peer- reviewed scientific journal to promote knowledge transfer, as well as in conferences, seminars, congresses or symposia in a traditional manner. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019129088.
BACKGROUND Pressure ulcers (PU) also known as pressure injuries are areas of localised damage to the skin and/or underlying structures due to
pressure and/or friction and shear.1 They are serious and potentially life- threatening problems across all age groups from the very young to the very old and across all medical specialties and care settings.2 It has been documented that hospital admissions due to PU are 75% higher than admissions for any other medical conditions and that, the conse- quences of PU development in hospitalised patients are particularly serious.2 Patients with hospital admission PU are three times more likely to be discharged to long- term care facilities and mortality of these patients is twice that of patients without hospital admis- sion PU.3 The cost of treatment of PU is 2.5 times than its prevention, and PU increases the length of stay in the hospital from 4 to
Strengths and limitations of this study
► This is a systematic review and meta- analysis of randomised controlled trials.
► This review will be the first to synthesise the ev- idence regarding the effectiveness of guidelines used in pressure ulcer prevention for elderly pa- tients in hospitals and offer the highest level of evidence for informed decisions on use of Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice Guidelines (PUPPG) in prevention pressure ulcers in the elderly patients in hospital.
► There may be heterogeneity of interventions used on eligible studies and incomplete information reported about the interventions in the literature which could limit our ability to statistically compare the effective- ness of interventions.
► The main limitation of this review might be scarcity of randomised controlled trials on the use of PUPPG for preventing pressure ulcers in elderly patients, publication bias and methodological quality of grey literature that shall be found.
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30 days, decreases quality of life, and increases pain, morbidity and mortality.4
On international level, hospital- acquired PUs (some- times called decubitus ulcers) are very common.5 Although many of these cases are preventable, their point prevalence in Canadian hospitals for example is measured to be 25.1%.6 Unfortunately, the high rates of such condi- tion are associated with subsequent high burden on the healthcare system and the national economy considering the high cost of their management, and the frequent occurrence of associated significant morbidity and mortality.5 According to the Ontario Case Costing Initia- tive database in 2013 using the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) staging system, it was estimated that the cost of management of stage II ulcer is up to US$40 000 and can reach more than double this price for managing a single case of stage IV ulcer.7 A good example of the burden that PU add to the national economy was measured in USA; it was estimated that hospital acquired PUs increase the financial expenses on healthcare systems between US$6 and US$15 billion annually.8
The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP), the EPUAP and the Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance (PPPIA)9 have defined PU as a ‘lesion or a trauma to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony promi- nence and is the result of undiminished pressure, or pres- sure combination with shear, friction and moisture’. It is a degenerative progress attributable to biological tissues (skin and underlying tissues) being exposed to pressure and shearing forces. The pressure constrains the proper blood circulation and causes cell death, tissue necrosis and the development of ulcers.9 While the quality of PU prevention and treatment has increased considerably over the past years, PUs remains a global concern because of its frequency of occurrence and negative consequences for patients and families as well as for the healthcare system.10 Incidence of PUs for hospitalised patients ranges from 9% to 18%, among which the elderly popu- lation appears to be the most common group to develop the ulcers.11 At the same time, many elderly patients are more vulnerable to be ‘stuck’ at a certain stage of PU for a long period of time and sometimes for the remainder of their lives.12 This may result in longer length of hospital stay, heavier burdens for the healthcare system and family members, worst quality of life for elderly patients, which may also influence their mental health such as emotional stability.13 14
NPUAP, EPUAP and PPPIA9 developed the Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice Guideline (PUPPG), which involves a range of evidence- based recommendations for PUs prevention that could be applied by healthcare profes- sionals globally. Frequently used PU prevention strategies recommended in this guideline includes PU risk assess- ment, regular repositioning, prevention management plan, appropriate use of support surfaces and protection, continence management, patient education, skin protec- tion, nutritional assessment and adequate nutrition.15 It also includes some recommendations specifically for
elderly people—‘protect aged skin from skin injury asso- ciated with pressure and shear forces’, taking into consid- eration that an aged person’s skin is vulnerable.15
A number of studies have been conducted on the implementation of PU prevention strategies among hospitalised patients. One cluster randomised trial conducted in Canada revealed that multidisciplinary PU prevention groups are more cost effective than usual care and yields no significant improvement in the treatment of PUs.16 Despite the existence of the guidelines on the prevention of PU, their effective utilisation in preventing PUs among hospitalised elderly patients varies in settings and countries. Also, although a number of studies have assessed strategies used in preventing PUs, there appears to be little or no information on systematic reviews that have assessed the effectiveness of guidelines used in PU prevention for elderly patients in hospitals. This study, therefore, aims to systematically review studies imple- menting PU prevention strategies recommended in the PUPPG for the prevention of PUs among hospitalised elderly patients globally.
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of each of the strategies included in the PUPPG guide- line in reducing the incidence and prevalence of hospital acquired PUs in hospitalised elderly patients in compar- ison to no strategy (usual practice), or other strategies. The review question is: what is the effectiveness of imple- menting each of the PU prevention strategies included in the PUPPG in decreasing the incidence and prevalence of PUs among hospitalised elderly patients compared with no strategies (basic usual care) or different preven- tion strategies?
METHODS Study design This will be a systematic review and meta- analysis of published and unpublished studies that have assessed the use of PU prevention strategies in hospital settings among hospitalised elderly patients. The systematic review protocol has been developed and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) criteria (see online supple- mental appendix 1).17
Inclusion criteria Population included This systematic review will focus on studies that involved all vitally stable (not admitted in the intensive care unit) bed ridden hospitalised patients aged 60 or above.
Interventions All studies that assessed the effect of PU preventive strat- egies found in the PUPPG, that were implemented on vitally stable bed ridden hospitalised patients aged 60 and
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above with an aim to decrease the occurrence of PUs, will be included in this review. Interventions will be limited to use of risk assessment, skin assessment, skin care, nutri- tion, position and repositioning, education and training, and medical devices care.
Comparator Interventions will be compared with other strategies to identify the most effective among them and/or will also be compared with no interventions (regular basic management).
Outcomes In this study, the primary outcome will be directly related to the incidence of the disease among elderly hospitalised patients (incidence shall be considered as the propor- tion of hospitalised patients who developed PUs while in hospital). Included studies must measure study duration related incidence of the disease and/or its point preva- lence and /or stage of PU (severity) as a measure of the effectiveness of the preventive strategies.
Types of studies We will focus only on Quantitative studies—experimental and quasi- experimental studies. These might include randomised and non- randomised controlled trials in addition to comparative and before- and- after studies.
Language Only studies written in English will be included in this systematic review.
SEARCH STRATEGY We will use a three- step strategy to find published and unpublished studies on PUs and their management. First, we will conduct an initial search through the Medline Ovid database using an analysis of text words found in the title and abstract, and the index terms used to describe the article. Second, we will use identified keywords and index terms to search for studies in identified databases. Finally, we will use the reference list of selected studies from the first and second searches to look for additional studies not found in the databases. For this study, we will consider only studies either published or unpublished in English.
The databases that shall be searched for this review will include Medline Ovid, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Scopus and Web of Science. See online supple- mental appendix 2 for the example searching strategy and results in Medline (Ovid). All these databases will provide published studies. To find unpublished studies on our topic, we will use Google, Grey Literature reports and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The keywords we will use for our initial searches in Medline Ovid will include ‘pressure ulcers’, ‘pressure sore’, ‘bed sore’, ‘pressure injuries’, ‘prevention strate- gies’, ‘elderly patients’ and ‘hospital’.
Study screening and selection The titles, abstracts and full text of studies selected for this study will be reviewed by two independent researchers to identify studies that potentially meet the inclusion criteria outlined above. The Covidence software will be used for title, abstract and full- text screening. After importing references and inclusion/exclusion criteria into the Covi- dence software, two independent reviewers will screen titles of included studies according to the eligible criteria. Conflicts between those two reviewers will be resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. The same proce- dures shall be used for abstract screening. Following the abstract screening, full texts of these potentially eligible studies will be retrieved and independently assessed for eligibility by two reviewers. Any disagreement between the two reviewers over the eligibility of a particular study will also be resolved through discussion with the third reviewer. The process of study selection will be reported using the PRISMA flow diagram.17
Assessment of methodological quality Two independent reviewers will be used to assess the methodological validity of the quantitative papers that will be selected for retrieval prior to their inclusion in the review using standard critical appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute for Meta- Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (see online supple- mental appendix 3). All disagreement between the two reviewers shall be settled through discussions.
Data extraction After screening and selecting studies, key information from those studies will be extracted into an excel sheet for further analysis. We shall use a data extraction tool adapted from the standardised data extraction tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta- Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI- MAStARI). Considering the infor- mation, we will need for the data synthesis of our study, we shall use the JBI- MAStARI to develop a data extraction tool specifically for quantitative research data extraction (see online supplemental appendix 4). The tool will be used to extract: (1) Study characteristics of reviewed papers, such as authors, year of publication, journal; (2) Methods of the study, including study design (randomised control trial (RCT), quasi- RCT, longitudinal, retrospective), research purpose and/or questions; (3) participant characteristics, country where the study took place, setting, population, sample size, age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and/ or education level; (4) PU prevention strategies used in experimental group and control group (if applicable), (5) outcome measures and results and (6) conclusions of reviewed papers and any comments from reviewers. Two reviewers will independently perform data extraction. Authors of reviewed papers will be contacted in case of any missing details about their studies.
Data synthesis A meta‐analysis of outcomes combining various studies included in the review shall be done. We will assess
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statistical heterogeneity with I2, which will indicate the percentage of the total variation across studies: 0%–40% low heterogeneity, 30%–60% moderate heterogeneity, 50%–90% may represent substantial heterogeneity and 75%–100% is considerable heterogeneity. If there is a substantial amount of heterogeneity (75%), then sources of heterogeneity will be examined through subgroup and sensitivity analyses. We will also use χ2 test to test the heterogeneity and consider p<0.05 as statistically signifi- cant. A fixed‐effects model will be selected for significant homogeneous studies; otherwise we will apply a random‐ effects model. All outcomes will be summarised using ORs and 95% CI. An OR <1 will represent a lower rate of outcome among the group of patients who were treated following the guidelines. Publication bias will be assessed by visual inspections of funnel plots and Egger’s test.
We will also provide a narrative synthesis of the find- ings from the included studies. The narrative synthesis shall be structured by describing the studies according to the type of intervention used. This will include the three categories of interventions recommend in the PUPPG guideline9: 1. Prevention of PUs, including risk factors and risk as-
sessment, skin and tissue assessment, preventive skin care and emerging therapies for prevention of PUs.
2. Interventions for prevention and treatment of PUs, such as nutrition in PU prevention and treatment, re- positioning and early mobilisation, repositioning to prevent and treat PUs, support surface and medical device- related PUs.
3. Treatment of PUs, for example, assessment of PUs and monitoring of healing, pain assessment and treatment, wound care, assessment and treatment of infection and biofilms, wound dressings for treatment of PUs and surgery for PUs. Results will be presented in tables, figures and graphs, followed by discussion. Publication bias will be assessed in all analyses synthe- sising 10 or more studies to ensure adequate power in the analysis.18 For investigation of the effect of small studies and publication bias, data from included stud- ies will be entered into a funnel plot asymmetry test if we have at least 10 studies in the meta- analysis. Egger’s statistical test will be implemented using STATA/SE V.13 (StataCorp). The quality of supporting evidence will be assessed by the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation.19
Patient and public involvement No patient involved.
Ethics and dissemination This review will only use published literature and will not recruit participants. Therefore, no formal ethical approval or consent is necessary. It is anticipated that this systematic review will provide a detailed summary of the evidence of the effectiveness of the PUPPG in preventing the occurrence of PUs among elderly patients in hospital. It is also expected that the study will provide
recommendations on the best PU preventive strategies applicable in healthcare settings. We aim to publish the research findings in a peer- reviewed scientific journal to promote knowledge transfer, as well as in various media, such as: conferences, seminars, congresses or symposia in a traditional manner.
Author affiliations 1Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 2School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 3School of Nursing, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 4Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 5Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 6Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Lindsey Sikora (librarian) for counselling in developing the searching strategies.
Contributors AWB, HM and WC contributed to the conception of the research question and writing of the protocol. HM, AWB, WC, MDFM and DAF contributed to the development of search strategies, eligibility criteria and methodology for data synthesis. HM, AWB, WC, MDFM and DAF contributed to drafting of the protocol and provided approval for the final version of this protocol. HM, AWB and WC will work in duplicate to screen the titles and abstracts of all the materials obtained using the search strategy to exclude the articles that do not meet the eligibility criteria. HM, AWB and WC will evaluate the potentially eligible studies with the full text and further exclude studies with documentation of the reason for exclusion. All authors will contribute to the bias assessment strategy and data extraction criteria. HM, AWB and WC will independently extract data from the included studies. HM, AWB and WC will analyse the data and draft the manuscript. All authors will read, provide feedback and approve the final manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nursing, grant number (2017TP1004), Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department, China.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer- reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.
Open access This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY- NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non- commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non- commercial. See: http:// creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by- nc/ 4. 0/.
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3 Cano A, Anglade D, Stamp H, et al. Improving outcomes by implementing a pressure ulcer prevention program (PUPP): going beyond the basics. Healthcare 2015;3:574–85.
4 Dalvand S, Ebadi A, Gheshlagh RG, Ghanei Gheshlagh R. Nurses’ knowledge on pressure injury prevention: a systematic review and meta- analysis based on the pressure ulcer knowledge assessment tool. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2018;11:613–20.
5 Sullivan N, Schoelles KM. Preventing in- facility pressure ulcers as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:410–6.
6 Woodbury MG, Houghton PE. Prevalence of pressure ulcers in Canadian healthcare settings. Ostomy Wound Manage 2004;50:36–8.
7 Chan B, Ieraci L, Mitsakakis N, et al. Net costs of hospital- acquired and pre- admission pus among older people hospitalised in Ontario. J Wound Care 2013;22:341–6.
8 Markova A, Mostow EN. Us skin disease assessment: ulcer and wound care. Dermatol Clin 2012;30:ix:107–11.
10 Chaboyer W, Bucknall T, Gillespie B, et al. Adherence to evidence- based pressure injury prevention guidelines in routine clinical practice: a longitudinal study. Int Wound J 2017;14:1290–8.
11 Bredesen IM, Bjøro K, Gunningberg L, et al. The prevalence, prevention and multilevel variance of pressure ulcers in Norwegian hospitals: a cross- sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2015;52:149–56.
12 Garcia AD, Thomas DR. Assessment and management of chronic pressure ulcers in the elderly. Med Clin North Am 2006;90:925–44.
13 Chiari P, Forni C, Guberti M, et al. Predictive factors for pressure ulcers in an older adult population hospitalized for hip fractures: a prognostic cohort study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169909.
14 WHO. Mental health of older adults [Internet], 2017. Available: https://www. who. int/ news- room/ fact- sheets/ detail/ mental- health- of- older- adults [Accessed 01 Mar 2019].
15 Latimer S, Chaboyer W, Gillespie B. Pressure injury prevention strategies in acute medical inpatients: an observational study. Contemp Nurse 2016;52:326–40.
16 Stern A, Mitsakakis N, Paulden M, et al. Pressure ulcer multidisciplinary teams via telemedicine: a pragmatic cluster randomized stepped wedge trial in long term care. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14:83.
17 BMJ. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta- analysis protocols (PRISMA- P) 2015: elaboration and explanation | The BMJ [Internet]. Available: https:// www- bmj- com. proxy. bib. uottawa. ca/ content/ 349/ bmj. g7647 [Accessed 20 Jul 2020].
18 Cochrane. Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Available: /handbook/current [Accessed 20 Jul 2020].
19 Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. Grade: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924–6.
Effects of implementing Pressure Ulcer Prevention Practice Guidelines (PUPPG) in the prevention of pressure ulcers among hospitalised elderly patients: a systematic review protocol
1. Respond to the questions below to help develop your profile.
2. Responses should be thorough, but concise.
3. There should be evidence of reflections about the information your learned as well as judgments, associations and/or connections between the information gathered and your own experiences.
4. It should be visually attractive (graphics, diagrams, spacing, fonts, highlights used to enhance final product) and easy to follow.
5. The final product design or format is up to you. Try to tap into your creative side!
Aging Profile
· Health History(or cohort history)
· Many of the inventories and assessments you completed for this class so far asked questions about family health history.
· In a paragraph, summarize the main conditions and diseases common in your family health history.
· Also include positive aspects you discovered or are aware of that might impact health and longevity. (If you do not have information about family history due to adoption or other circumstances, provide the same type of information relevant to your cohort: current age, sex, race, geographic location, profession, income, medical care, etc.).
· Generation Health
· Describe the major health challenges or issues for your generation that could impact aging
· Real Age and Life Span Scores
· List the scores from both inventories.
· Briefly discuss the comparison between your “Calendar Age” and your “Real Age”?
· Briefly compare between your Real Age score and the Life Span score.
· Track Your Food Intake and Physical Activity Results
· Describe your results.
· Defy Aging score
· Describe your results.
· Cognitive and Memory Functioning
· Describe your results.
· Stress level (Module 5)
· Describe your results.
· Challenges
· Based upon the results of the inventories, describe the things you are doing that might impact your chances for successful aging
· Strengths
· Based upon the results of the inventories, describe the things you are doing that might increase your chances for successful aging
· Recommendations Where do your go from here?
· Describe what you plan to do to ensure you increase your personal chances of aging successfully. Be as specific as possible.
· SUBMISSION:
· Submit to dropbox by Friday, December 6 at 12pm (NOON!!!!!)
You will be graded on the following:
· Components: Includes most of the important components of the assignment in an effective manner (History, Generation health, Real Age, Pyramid, Defy Aging, Memory, Stress, Challenges, Strengths, Recommendations
· Challenges/Strengths/Recommendations: Demonstrates basic ability to reflect and make some judgments, associations and/or connections between the information gathered and own experiences.
· Investigation & Research: Information provided demonstrates basic understanding of the relevant concepts and connections associated with the assignment
· Product: Final product is of sufficient quality that it could be displayed/used/presented in a professional setting with some minor adjustments. Some creativity evident through most of the product. Some graphics, diagrams, spacing, fonts, highlights used to enhance final product.
For Health Studies Majors Only – Portfolio information:
The Role of Mental Illness in Predicting Criminal Behavior Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course: Instructor: Date: The Role of Mental Illness in Predicting Criminal Behavior According to a study done by Perrotta (2020), a person’s propensity to do criminal acts increases with the severity of their mental condition. People with experience with the criminal justice system in the United States are more likely to develop mental illness than the general population (Perrotta, 2020). Individuals with a history of drug use are more prone to behavioral and cognitive problems and engage in criminal behavior. Research shows that, to a considerable extent, mental illness predicts violent crime, property crime, and violations of public order. Recidivism is also strongly predicted by mental illness. Those with mental illness are more prone than those who do not become victims of crime (Siennick et al., 2022). Furthermore, they are more likely to be arrested and imprisoned. Mental illness is a key predictor of victimization and criminal conduct. Mental illness is a significant public health issue. According to reports, one in every five persons in the United States has a mental illness. Mental illness is linked to a variety of negative effects, including a lower life expectancy, an increased chance of suicide, and an increased risk of victimization. Mental illness is also a significant burden on the economy, costing the United States billions of dollars each year in direct and indirect costs. Mental illness is a significant risk factor for criminal behavior. Early intervention and treatment of a mental illness are critical to preventing crime. Mental illness should be considered in all aspects of the criminal justice system, from policing and sentencing to treatment and rehabilitation. Several arguments posit that mental illness does not predict criminal behavior. These arguments typically focus on one or more of the following: 1. Mental illness is not a significant predictor of crime. 2. Mental illness is not a significant predictor of violent crime. 3. Mental illness is not a significant predictor of recidivism. 4. Victimization is not significantly predicted by mental illness. 5. The frequency of mental diseases is a minor public health problem. 6. Criminal behavior does not increase the likelihood of mental illness much. Typically, the first three reasons highlight the scarcity of evidence between mental illness and criminal behavior. After controlling for all other variables, these arguments highlight that mental illness does not significantly predict crime, violent crime, or recidivism. Argument 4 often emphasizes the shaky link between mental illness and victimization. This argument emphasizes that mental illness is not a reliable predictor of victimization or criminal behavior. Argument 5 emphasizes the paucity of evidence connecting mental illness to poor results. This argument emphasizes that a range of negative consequences, such as a reduced life expectancy, an increased chance of suicide, and an increased risk of victimization, are not always related to mental illness. Argument 6 often emphasizes the scarcity of evidence connecting mental illness to criminal conduct. This argument emphasizes that there is no true link between mental illness and criminal conduct. These are some arguments suggesting that mental illness does not predict criminal behavior. While there is some merit to these arguments, it is essential to remember that mental illness is a significant public health problem and that it is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes (Siennick et al., 2022). Early intervention and treatment of a mental illness are critical to preventing crime. Mental illness should be considered in all aspects of the criminal justice system, from policing and sentencing to treatment and rehabilitation. Several strategies can be employed to help caregivers, patients, and families with mental illness to reduce instances of criminal arrests. 1. Early intervention and treatment of a mental illness are critical to preventing crime. Mental health interventions should be tailored to the specific needs of the individual. They should be delivered in a way that is culturally competent and responsive to the individual’s unique circumstances. 2. Mental illness should be considered in all aspects of the criminal justice system, from policing and sentencing to treatment and rehabilitation. 3. There should be increased investment in mental health services and supports, including crisis intervention services, to meet the needs of individuals with mental illness. 4. Families and caregivers should be educated about mental illness and its impact on criminal behavior. They should also be provided with support and resources to help them cope with the challenges of caring for someone with mental illness. 5. Individuals with mental illness should be treated with dignity and respect. Stigma and discrimination against mental illness must be addressed to ensure that individuals with it receive the care and treatment they need. These are just a few strategies that can be employed to help reduce the incidence of criminal arrests among individuals with mental illness. It is important to remember that each individual is unique and that not all strategies will work for everyone. It is crucial to tailor interventions and supports to the individual’s needs to be most effective. The working alliance has been shown to predict criminal behavior in those with mental illness significantly. In a study of 265 probationers with mental illness and substance abuse problems, the working alliance was found to moderate reductions in mental illness symptoms and criminal thinking (Scanlon et al., 2022). This suggests that the working alliance is an important factor to consider in treating mental illness and that it can significantly impact reducing criminal behavior. Other studies have also found a correlation between mental illness and criminal behavior. Girasek et al. (2022) found that psychiatric patients are more likely to be aggressors than the general population and that violence is more common in psychiatric settings than previously thought. This research suggests that mental illness can play a role in criminal behavior and that more attention should be paid to the mental health of those involved with the legal system. Overall, the research suggests that mental illness can be a significant factor in predicting criminal behavior. The working alliance appears to be a particularly important factor in treating mental illness and can significantly impact reducing criminal behavior. Often, a person’s mental state may be inferred from their outward actions and behavior. According to the study, a major contributor to the prevalence of mental illness in the corrections system is the erroneous diagnosis of offenders with psychiatric disorders (Lee, Yu, & Kim, 2020). The phrase “mood disorder” originates from psychodynamic theory. Many criminals have a mental condition that manifests in various ways, including sadness, social isolation, wrath, and narcissism. Conduct disorder is also common among juvenile detainees. Children with conduct disorder have trouble paying attention and following directions (Lee, Yu, & Kim, 2020). Many young individuals struggle with mental problems, and conduct disorder is one of the most prevalent. Some youngsters with mental disorders are stigmatized and shunned by their peers because of their behavior problems (Perrotta, 2020). Children may become withdrawn and aggressive as a result of the situation. Children diagnosed with this condition often have a history of exposure to trauma (McCart et al., 2020). Some of these kids may be the result of a failed marriage. Spreading awareness about providing support and shelter for those suffering from mental health issues is crucial if the United States is to prevail in the fight against these diseases. Because of their mental condition, they may be more likely to conduct a crime that causes harm to others. Media outlets should stop characterizing mentally ill persons as “crazy” when reporting on occurrences they create. The US case demonstrates how, if untreated, mental illness may be lethal. In addition, the government should conduct a thorough background check on all applicants for a firearms license to reduce the frequency and severity of mass shootings like those that have occurred in recent decades. Patients and the county would both suffer if they were treated like criminals. References Girasek, H., Nagy, V. A., Fekete, S., Ungvari, G. S., & Gazdag, G. (2022). Prevalence and correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric inpatient populations. World journal of psychiatry, 12(1), 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8783168/ Lee, D., Yu, E. S., & Kim, N. H. (2020). Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma. European journal of psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1704563. Full article: Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma (tandfonline.com) McCart, M. R., Chapman, J. E., Zajac, K., & Rheingold, A. A. (2020). Community-based randomized controlled trial of psychological first aid with crime victims. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 88(8), 681. Community-based randomized controlled trial of psychological first aid with crime victims. – PsycNET (apa.org) Perrotta, G. (2020). Pedophilia: definition, classifications, criminological and neurobiological profiles, and clinical treatments. A complete review. Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 5(1), 019-026. Pedophilia: Definition, classifications, criminological and neurobiological profiles, and clinical treatments. A complete review (peertechzpublications.com) Scanlon, F., Hirsch, S., & Morgan, R. D. (2022). The relation between the working alliance on mental illness and criminal thinking among justice-involved people with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90(3), 282. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ccp0000719 Siennick, S. E., Picon, M., Brown, J. M., & Mears, D. P. (2022). Revisiting and unpacking the mental illness and solitary confinement relationship. Justice Quarterly, 39(4), 772-801. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418825.2020.1871501
Dell EMC, part of Dell Technologies, is an IT services company that helps organizations modernize, automate, and transform their data centers using converged infrastructure, server, storage, and data protection technologies. The Austin, Texas-based company can create hybrid clouds and transform businesses through the creation of cloud-native applications and Big Data solutions. It service’s customers, including 98 percent of the Fortune 500, across 180 countries.
While its customer roster is indeed impressive, 70 percent of its marketable B2B contacts were inactive. In fact, 43 percent never engaged with marketing emails that Dell EMC sent.
Dell EMC was faced with a decision to remove contacts or implement a CRM strategy to drive re-engagement and increase revenue. It chose the latter, and in November it paired up with marketing solutions provider Epsilon to identify trends involving its inactive segments based on campaign type.
THE INSIGHT
Dell EMC had been trending a quarter-over-quarter decline in email metrics and had decided to work with Epsilon to leverage the power of engagement segmentation, which is how the company discovered an iceberg of non-engagers and a correlating decrease in sales opportunities.
SUBMISSION TASKS:
You are the Chief Revenue Officer of Dell EMC and have been tasked with developing and implementing the CRM strategy to achieve the business objective of driving engagement and increasing revenue. Provide a thorough and detailed business report outlining how you would achieve the business objective with the report being broken down into the following main components.
1. Strategy – a detailed description of the CRM strategy you are recommending and an outline of your rationale and the research-based analysis supporting your selection.
2. Tactics/Techniques – a detailed description of the marketing techniques you would implement to support the CRM strategy.
3. Implementation – a detailed description of how you would implement the new CRM strategy, the CRM platform, and any other marketing technologies/tools, you would use.
4. Reference Materials/Sources
BONUS MARKS:
5 bonus marks are available based on following instructions in this assignment, organization and professionalism of your report, and clarity in expressing your ideas.
Instructions
Download the attachment to this assignment.
1. The instructions in the attachment tell you the exact steps required to complete this case study assignment.
2. There are bonus marks for spelling, grammar, professionalism and clarity of ideas demonstrated in the report submitted.
You will submit one Word file for this assignment and it will be in a professional business report format that includes references as required. If you have made multiple submissions, I will only grade the last report submitted.
Remember, there are marks awarded for good organization of information so please ensure you’re happy with the quality and completeness of your submission before the assignment close
Identify and explain one troubleshooting tip or technique.
One method for troubleshooting method is reviewing your work, many times we as humans will perform maintenance and we make errors, we are prone to it. Reviewing our work is a good method to make sure that the issue is not due to human error.
Identify in which step (analysis, planning, measuring) the technique would be applied.
This technique should be applied as soon as you perform the solder, because it would make no sense to review something that is not present.
Not every tip will apply to every situation. Explain a situation in which your tip would be applicable (include personal examples if possible).
My tip should be applicable in all situations except in the conditions that you have reviewed your own work and you are satisfied and said work has been supervised and reviewed by fellow peers. Having multiple opinions is always helpful to better yourself because you can use their advice as constructive criticism.
Identify one potential impact of poor soldering on a printed circuit board. How would you identify the fault?
A poor fault I can foresee due to poor soldering would be a resistor not functioning correctly or something that should be functioning in a certain manner is not.