Write 2 pages with APA style on North American Indian Culture That Flourished before the Arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors.
One of the key characteristics of Native Americans is their unique genealogy, which derives from African and Asian populations. . Although this connection is not the most intuitive, anthropological studies using genetic markers have substantiated this understanding. . In the late medieval period, they were believed to have adopted a hunter-gatherer mode of life. . It is an important revelation, for everywhere else in the world agriculture and urbanization has already become entrenched. . Bison was a great stock prey during the time as the ecology of the Great Plains suited it well. In many of the cave paintings from this period, we can see how bison was an emblematic animal for the entire community.
The breadth and width of the continent’s landscape, with its varied climates, geographies and ecologies, made adapting to local conditions an imperative. As a result, we see a different set of customs and norms being practiced in the Great Basin, Pacific Coast or Eastern Woodlands. . Likewise, in contrast to the widespread adoption of the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, native Indian cultures of South-western and Woodland Burial Mound regions practised agriculture. The social organization of these regions was also different, in that they were chiefdoms, with a definite hierarchy among its members. .
Just as Spanish Conquistadors started trickling into the continent in the late 15th century, the Meso-American culture became predominant. . This unique culture retained many key traits of the community’s traditions while also including new elements that they were introduced to. . It is an unfortunate fact of history that despite the amicable and warm welcome of the conquistadors by native Americans, the former did not reciprocate the hospitality. . After having acquainted themselves with the exotic culture of the natives, the conquistadors systematically proceeded to dominate the defenceless natives. . Those who had the courage to resist domination and exploitation were ruthlessly rounded up and executed. As a consequence, within a few decades of the arrival of the Spanish expeditions, the Native American population diminished drastically. . This pattern has continued for a century or more and reached a point of near-extermination of these people. . It continues to remain one of the greatest acts of genocide in the history of humanity. . It is all the more tragic because the culture and social values of the victims were very rich and vibrant. . The proof for this assertion lies in the great colour and wisdom of their customs, practices and norms witnessed at the time of the arrival of the Spanish expeditions. . Their lives during this period were far from barbaric as the perpetrators of their oppression would have us believe. 
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Reply to the following discussion with one reference. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Cite resources in your responses to other classmates.
Discussion
Discuss the contraceptive methods using the latest evidence-based guidelines that Karen would be medically eligible for.
Evidence-based guidelines from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2019) indicate that women with pre-existing medical conditions should avoid the use of hormonal contraceptives. Nevertheless, https://perfectwriterblog.com/humanities/im-working-on-a-humanities-question-and-need-an-explanation-to-help-me-learn-1/ there are various contraceptive methods, apart from condoms, which Karen is medically eligible for. The first option is using a non-hormonal intrauterine device (IUD), also known as the coil. Secondly is using a diaphragm; this is a cup-like device inserted into the vaginal canal to prevent sperm from passing through the cervix to the womb. A third option is the calendar method, whereby the patient calculates their safe days and avoids sex during ovulation (ACOG, 2019).
Identify one method that you feel would be most beneficial to Karen and discuss why you selected it.
Out of all the contraception methods discussed herein, the most beneficial for Karen is the IUD. Firstly, the American Cancer Society (2020) asserts that IUD reduces the risk of cervical cancer; this is important for Karen because she has a family history of the condition. Secondly, the IUD is non-hormonal; this is beneficial for Karen, with DVT https://www.keenessays.xyz/computer-science-homework-help/take-the-assignment-from-the-previous-week-add-at-least-twice-as-much-data-to-t/ and cardiac disease history. Thirdly, according to the case “Karen does not desire pregnancy soon,”; IUDs are effective for as long as 5-10 years.
Are there any methods that you would not recommend for Karen? Why?
There are contraception methods that are not recommended for Karen. These include combined-injectables like depo provera, hormonal implants, and combined patch/vaginal rings containing hormones like estrogen (ACOG, 2019). This is because the use of such contraceptives in women with a history of DVT and cardiac illness may increase their risk of thrombus formation or venous thrombus.
References
American Cancer Society (ACS) (2020, January 3). Risk factors for cervical cancer. American
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Required Reading Download the Anglo-American and Primark case studies using the following links: Primark: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/primark/providing-consumers-with-ethically-sourced-garments/introduction.html#axzz3FYNqQuTW Anglo-American: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/anglo-american/business-ethics-and-corporate-social-responsibility/introduction.html#axzz3FYNqQuTW Scan the following article by Svennson & Woods: Svensson, G., & Wood, G. (2008). A model of business ethics. Journal Of Business Ethics, 77(3), 303-322. Accessed on November 19, 2012 from EBSCO. AssignmentIn a well-written 5-7 page critical essay, respond to the following, using Anglo-American and Primark as examples: Using the Svennson and Wood business ethics model, assess the ethics of the business practices of Anglo-American and Primark, discussing the costs and the benefits to organizations that act ethically. Keys to the AssignmentDescribe what is meant by ethical business behavior;Describe how these two companies – Anglo-American and Primark – apply ethics in practice;Discuss the costs and benefits to an organization when that organization behaves ethically; andChoose one component of Svennson & Woods’ model (found in the journal article “A Model of Business Ethics”), and discuss how your chosen component is relevant for Anglo-American and/or Primark. For example, you might choose “external stakeholder relationships” (page 314), and discuss how Anglo-American benefits from its positive stakeholder relationships (see page 4 of the Anglo-American case study).Perform some additional research in the TUI Library, and use at least three or four additional sources to support your analysis. Be sure that you have properly cited all sources using APA style.Assignment ExpectationsYour paper will be evaluated using the following five (5) criteria: Assignment-Driven Criteria (Precision and Breadth): Does the paper fully address all Keys to the Assignment? Are the concepts behind the Keys to the Assignment addressed accurately and precisely using sound logic? Does the paper meet minimum length requirements? Critical Thinking (Critical Thinking and Depth): Does the paper demonstrate graduate-level analysis, in which information derived from multiple sources, expert opinions, and assumptions has been critically evaluated and synthesized in the formulation of a logical set of conclusions? Does the paper address the topic with sufficient depth of discussion and analysis?Business Writing (Clarity and Organization): Is the paper well written (clear, developed logically, and well organized)? Are the grammar, spelling, and vocabulary appropriate for graduate-level work? Are section headings included in all papers? Are paraphrasing and synthesis of concepts the primary means of responding to the Keys to the Assignment, or is justification/support instead conveyed through excessive use of direct quotations? Effective Use of Information (Information Literacy and References): Does the paper demonstrate that the student has read, understood and can apply the background materials for the module? If required, has the student demonstrated effective research, as evidenced by student’s use of relevant and quality (library?) sources? Do additional sources used in paper provide strong support for conclusions drawn, and do they help in shaping the overall paper? Citing Sources: Does the student demonstrate understanding of APA Style of referencing, by inclusion of proper end references and in-text citations (for paraphrased text and direct quotations) as appropriate? Have all sources (e.g., references used from the Background page, the assignment readings, and outside research) been included, and are these properly cited? Have all end references been included within the body of the paper as in-text citations?
Business ethics and corporate social responsibility are two related subjects that explain how businesses should act ethically and the responsibilities they have to the societies in which they exist. Primark and Anglo American are world’s leading companies though in different industries. The two companies have embraced ethical practices and have therefore applied business ethics and corporate social responsibility.
A research on business ethics and corporate social responsibility reveals the costs and benefits that an ethical company enjoys.
The paper should:
Explain what business ethics and corporate social responsibility is all about.
Discuss the costs and benefits that an ethical company enjoys
Explain how the chosen companies apply ethics in practice
A business is started with the aim of making profit but in the location where its premises are, the business has a role to play in ensuring that it maintains a good public image since this brings about benefits to the company. The benefits are many and customers, employees, and investors bring them about.
Ethical business behavior entails how a company carries out its business activities while taking into concern those who are part of the business and those that will be affected by either the products or the services that the company provides. Customers, employees and investors all carry about business activities in relevance to the business’s culture. There are a number of factors that a business has to consider in the view of being an ethical organization. First of all it has to have respect, from the entrepreneur, since the organization has to hire people with respect in order to build good relations with other organizations and also have a peaceful working internal business environment. An organization should also have a customer focus since without them the business is nothing. The organization should, therefore hire personnel with integrity, persistence and passion for the company in order to maintain the existing customers and also attract more hence attaining a thriving ethical organization. The group should also focus on employees and this is by ensuring they have a healthy business working environment where they participate in decision-making and also have a good business culture to embrace. If the organization does this it will get extra benefits from the employees by being ethical.
Primark is part of an international retail group and it deals with selling clothes while Anglo American is a leading mining company based in UK. These two companies have both taken the role of social responsibility and have put an effort in being ethical organizations. The following are some of the ways in which the two companies have used to become ethical organizations respectively.
Primark has a number of ways that aid it in its view of being an ethical organization. The first way is holding on to its values. Primark has values which it shares with its parent ABF, the company under which Primark operates. These values are beneficial to Primark in that they aid in building good relationships with stakeholders. Stakeholders include shareholders, employees, the government and the community. Primark has set guidelines for proper conditions of employment in its suppliers’ factories and the organization also highly respects human rights. The organization also hires employees globally which all shows how the organization is ethical in all activities it runs.
Economies of scale is another way Primark uses to ensure ethics is applied in the organization. Through economies of scale Primark becomes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Required Reading: Download the Anglo-American and Primark case studies using the following links: Primark: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/primark/providing-consumers-with-ethically-sourced-garments/introduction.html#axzz3FYNqQuTW Anglo-American: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/anglo-american/business-ethics-and-corporate-social-responsibility/introduction.html#axzz3FYNqQuTW Scan the following article by Svennson & Woods: Svensson, G., & Wood, G. (2008). A model of business ethics. Journal Of Business Ethics, 77(3), 303-322. Accessed on November 19, 2012 from EBSCO. AssignmentIn a well-written 5-7 page critical essay, respond to the following, using Anglo-American and Primark as examples: Using the Svennson and Wood business ethics model, assess the ethics of the business practices of Anglo-American and Primark, discussing the costs and the benefits to organizations that act ethically. Keys to the AssignmentDescribe what is meant by ethical business behavior;Describe how these two companies – Anglo-American and Primark – apply ethics in practice;Discuss the costs and benefits to an organization when that organization behaves ethically; andChoose one component of Svennson & Woods’ model (found in the journal article “A Model of Business Ethics”), and discuss how your chosen component is relevant for Anglo-American and/or Primark. For example, you might choose “external stakeholder relationships” (page 314), and discuss how Anglo-American benefits from its positive stakeholder relationships (see page 4 of the Anglo-American case study).Perform some additional research in the TUI Library, and use at least three or four additional sources to support your analysis. Be sure that you have properly cited all sources using APA style.Assignment ExpectationsYour paper will be evaluated using the following five (5) criteria: Assignment-Driven Criteria (Precision and Breadth): Does the paper fully address all Keys to the Assignment? Are the concepts behind the Keys to the Assignment addressed accurately and precisely using sound logic? Does the paper meet minimum length requirements? Critical Thinking (Critical Thinking and Depth): Does the paper demonstrate graduate-level analysis, in which information derived from multiple sources, expert opinions, and assumptions has been critically evaluated and synthesized in the formulation of a logical set of conclusions? Does the paper address the topic with sufficient depth of discussion and analysis?Business Writing (Clarity and Organization): Is the paper well written (clear, developed logically, and well organized)? Are the grammar, spelling, and vocabulary appropriate for graduate-level work? Are section headings included in all papers? Are paraphrasing and synthesis of concepts the primary means of responding to the Keys to the Assignment, or is justification/support instead conveyed through excessive use of direct quotations? Effective Use of Information (Information Literacy and References): Does the paper demonstrate that the student has read, understood and can apply the background materials for the module? If required, has the student demonstrated effective research, as evidenced by student’s use of relevant and quality (library?) sources? Do additional sources used in paper provide strong support for conclusions drawn, and do they help in shaping the overall paper? Citing Sources: Does the student demonstrate understanding of APA Style of referencing, by inclusion of proper end references and in-text citations (for paraphrased text and direct quotations) as appropriate? Have all sources (e.g., references used from the Background page, the assignment readings, and outside research) been included, and are these properly cited? Have all end references been included within the body of the paper as in-text citations?
Business ethics and corporate social responsibility are two related subjects that explain how businesses should act ethically and the responsibilities they have to the societies in which they exist. Primark and Anglo American are world’s leading companies though in different industries. The two companies have embraced ethical practices and have therefore applied business ethics and corporate social responsibility.
A research on business ethics and corporate social responsibility reveals the costs and benefits that an ethical company enjoys.
The paper should:
Explain what business ethics and corporate social responsibility is all about.
Discuss the costs and benefits that an ethical company enjoys
Explain how the chosen companies apply ethics in practice
A business is started with the aim of making profit but in the location where its premises are, the business has a role to play in ensuring that it maintains a good public image since this brings about benefits to the company. The benefits are many and customers, employees, and investors bring them about.
Ethical business behavior entails how a company carries out its business activities while taking into concern those who are part of the business and those that will be affected by either the products or the services that the company provides. Customers, employees and investors all carry about business activities in relevance to the business’s culture. There are a number of factors that a business has to consider in the view of being an ethical organization. First of all it has to have respect, from the entrepreneur, since the organization has to hire people with respect in order to build good relations with other organizations and also have a peaceful working internal business environment. An organization should also have a customer focus since without them the business is nothing. The organization should, therefore hire personnel with integrity, persistence and passion for the company in order to maintain the existing customers and also attract more hence attaining a thriving ethical organization. The group should also focus on employees and this is by ensuring they have a healthy business working environment where they participate in decision-making and also have a good business culture to embrace. If the organization does this it will get extra benefits from the employees by being ethical.
Primark is part of an international retail group and it deals with selling clothes while Anglo American is a leading mining company based in UK. These two companies have both taken the role of social responsibility and have put an effort in being ethical organizations. The following are some of the ways in which the two companies have used to become ethical organizations respectively.
Primark has a number of ways that aid it in its view of being an ethical organization. The first way is holding on to its values. Primark has values which it shares with its parent ABF, the company under which Primark operates. These values are beneficial to Primark in that they aid in building good relationships with stakeholders. Stakeholders include shareholders, employees, the government and the community. Primark has set guidelines for proper conditions of employment in its suppliers’ factories and the organization also…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Anglo-American and Primark case studies
After you have reviewed the above laws (attached), read the following articles concerning labor unrest at American Airlines. American Air pilots’ union: No strike unless it is legal. (2012, August 30). Retrieved August 31, 2012, from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/30/us-americanairlines-pilots-idUSBRE87T14O20120830 (attached) DeMaura, S. (2012, August 13). Not just public unions: Private sector unions hurting business. Retrieved August 31, 2012, from Not Just Public Unions: Private Sector Unions Hurting Business (attached) Saporito, B. (2012, October 8). The worst job in America. Time, 180(15), 1. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. (https://townhall.com/columnists/stephendemaura/2012/08/13/not-just-public-unions-private-sector-unions-hurting-business-n1037100) Give a brief summary of the current state of union relations in the airlines industry in the United States. Then answer the following in a well-organized 4 page paper: • If DeMaura is correct in his editorial, why would the American Airlines’ Allied Pilots Association (APA) risk the future of American Airlines with their union demands? • Using additional research about unionization in the U.S. airline industry in general and American Airlines in particular, update where we are currently with American’s situation. How do the recent updates that you have found affect American Airlines employees? Are other U.S. airlines also in jeopardy because of labor demands? • In your educated opinion (supported by your research) are changes needed in labor laws in the United States to help stop unions from hurting business? Use at least 5 Trident Online Library sources plus any applicable background readings to help strengthen your discussion. The paper should be 4 pages, not counting cover and reference pages.
Labor unions and the airlines industry in the United States
United States airlines are currently enjoying a boom due to streamlining over the past few years, streamlining that included mergers and acquisitions.The streamlining was because of many carriers going bankrupt in the last decade, a situation that was attributed to generous base pay rates and work rules negotiated by the unions as a result of previous good profits. The current boom is also tempered by fractious labor relations between the airlines and staff. Delta Airlines suffered from their pilots picketing in 2016. Southwest pushed back purchase of new airplanes partly because of tensions with its pilots.This is despite the two airlines having a history of good labor relations where they have awarded good remuneration to their workers, relations that have made them some of the most financially successful airlines in the world(Bhaskara, 2016).
However, there were gains in the same year as three-year contentious negotiations between ULCC Allegiant Air and its pilots ended in mid-2016, with the pilots getting hefty pay rises and the airline’s safety record consequently improving (Bhaskara, 2016). United Airlines also reached agreements with its pilots and flight attendants, with the flight attendants getting a combined contract after six years of being treated as two separate workgroups following the merger of United and Continental.
After going bankrupt in 2011, American Airlines was forced into a merger with the smaller US Airways in 2013. The airline unions backed Doug Parker, the then CEO of US Airways, to become the CEO of the new American Airlines, forcing the management of the earlier company out(Koenig, 2017). Since then, the Allied Pilots Association (APA) and the flight attendants union have been in constant negotiation with the airline for better pay and working conditions.
Risks
APA risks the future of American Airlines with their union demands because they offer the company little or no flexibility in adjusting their costs to suit the market situation (DeMaura, 2012). In times of recession, the airline still has to pay high wages which becomes a weakness in the competitive landscape. The risk is exacerbated by fluctuations in oil prices that make continuity of profitability uncertain. Hence pay rates that are gained during times when prices of fuel are low become unsustainable when the ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….fuel………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Essay The Artist’s Tools: Drawing as Critical Thinking Overview Students will consider the critical thinking process of artists by researching and analyzing the use of preparatory drawings/cartoons by a Renaissance artist of their choice.
Instructions Critical thinking helps us learn, develop new ideas, and formulate theories. What is critical thinking? “Critical thinking” has been defined as “self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way” (Critical Thinking website). Sometimes artists use drawing as a visual process of critical thinking. The critical thinking process allows artists to see their subject from numerous perspectives within numerous contexts. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the Renaissance era drawings of artists like Leonardo da Vinci or Michelangelo, or in the nature studies of Albrecht Dürer. Critical thinking can also be found in the schematic and preliminary drawings of modern artists, including sculptors and architects.
Step 1: Research Using the ART 110 Research Guide sources, the sites listed below, or comparable sites, research Renaissance drawings, schematic drawings, and architectural renderings. Major artists of the Renaissance produced large quantities of “cartoons”–sketches used as studies for larger works. Although these drawings were not usually considered art at the time, many did survive and are now proudly exhibited in museum collections.
Recommended Research Sources:
The Smithsonian American Museum of Art
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Materials and Function
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Albrect Durer
Art History Blogger
Studies for the Sistine Chapel Frescoes
Drawing, Sculpture, and the Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Step 2: Writing Essay (800 – 1200 Words)
First, insert an image file of the Renaissance preparatory drawing you have chosen to write about. Review the information regarding “thesis statements” in M1. In your thesis statement, identify the artist who created the drawing, the subject of the drawing, and explain how the artist is using the art as part of their critical thinking process. In your essay’s body paragraphs, explain what the artist was studying. Begin your draft by considering the following questions: What did this artist hope to accomplish? Were preliminary sketches a normal part of the artist’s process? Was it common in their era or their chosen field, or was this an individual choice. Many artists are famous for their notebooks. Has this artist’s notebooks been published, or are they works of art in their own right? Conclude by explaining why critical thinking furthers this artist’s studies, plans, and goals, and how drawing aids them in this process. Basic Information for all Essay Submissions:
Create a “Works Cited” section that lists your various sources in MLA Style format at the end of your minimum 3-paragraph essay. Be sure you have properly cited any direct quotes you use in support of your own writing. For help with MLA Style citations, visit the suggested links in the ART 110 Research Guide or in our course home page’s Links area.
Step 3: Submit Before you submit your assignment to the Dropbox, review the instructions once again to make sure you have answered the required questions and provide relevant support. As always, the title of your saved file must include the module number and your last name (M1_LastName).
Assignment instructions: American Association of Retired Persons No of Pages 3 Language Style English (US)
Cover the fallowing aspects of the group: it’s goals, major issues and legislation which the group focuses on in Washington, membership and budget size, amount of money spent on lobbing and related activity, amount and beneficiaries of money contributed to campaigns. You may not be able to get information on all these topics for some of the groups, but try. Check the group website, the FEC, www.opensecrets.org, newspaper and magazine articles and books; list your sources at the end of the paper.
The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) is an organization that draws is a non partisan and nonprofit organization that draws its membership among the elderly as well as the middle aged American population. The membership of the organization is open to individuals who are above the age of 50 whether they are working or they have retired (Butcher, 2010). The headquarters of this organization is located in Washington, D.C. The main objective of this organization is to enable elderly and retired persons within the American society to remain physically as well as intellectually active by engaging them in service for society.
AARP has several goals. To begin with, group aims at ensuring that the members are able to access quality healthcare. To this effect the organization offers group health insurance to its members to enable them access such healthcare. Secondly, the group seeks to ensure that the members are able to access different services at an affordable price. Therefore, the organization negotiates for discounted prices for its members for services such as travel services, Pharmacy, automotive insurance, hotel rates, airline rates, and automobile rentals. Moreover, the organization seeks to engage its members in the prevention in community service in order to increase their activity and relevance within……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Overview This activity is going to push you to think like a practicing medical professional. You should take into account what you learned in the Discuss and Debate assignment, but you will also conduct your own research for this assignment. Choose a cancer that most interests you (e.g., breast cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer, etc.). Investigate the type of cancer, and identify one root cause for this type of cancer at the cellular organelle level. You will trace the path to describe how an organelle dysfunction could lead to this type of cancer.
> Instructions Choose a cancer about which you are passionate or in which you are interested. Prepare a written paper to the American Cancer Society of at least 500 words that includes the following: Examine what went wrong with the normal cellular function to cause that neoplasm. Explain how the cell reproduction rate and differentiation are kept within the normal range to avoid the formation of neoplasms. Regarding this cancer, choose either the perspective of Jake or Jennifer, and tell us whether you think this cancer may someday be cured. Your paper should be formatted as a proper research paper with an introduction and conclusion. Do not simply follow the bullet points above, but really think about what you have learned and how that relates to other material we have covered and knowledge you have from other courses you may have taken. : American Cancer Society
Causes of Throat Cancer at Cellular Organelle Level
Name of Student
University Affiliation
Causes of Throat Cancer at Cellular Organelle Level
The human cell is one of the critical components in the human body that forms the basis of life. The diseases that affect human beings can be traced to the impact it has on cells in the body. Severe cell infections or alteration like it occurs with cancer can cause diseases that can be hard to cure. Cancer is considered one such infection that has become one of the leading killer diseases in the world. According to Pecorino (2012) cancer is considered as a disease that originates from cells growth that is unregulated and which spreads from the primary site to other parts of the body. The author points that research has documented over 100 types of cancer and include throat cancer, lung cancer, neck cancer, skin cancer, and colorectal cancer among other types.
Throat cancer occurs in a multi-step process that leads to genetic alteration and metastasis. At the cellular level, the process starts through mutation and cell selection and increased proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. The initial step is the tumor initiation where the cells in the throat undergo genetic alteration resulting in proliferation of a single cell. Due to cell proliferation, an outgrowth of population of clonally derived tumor cells is formed. The tumors continue with growth within the tumor cells population through mutations causing cancer. The cells in the human body reproduce through a process called mitosis that leads to production of identical cells. The process occurs through a controlled replication process that are typically in four stages that involves growth of the cells, synthesis and replication of DNA, growth in preparation of division, and finally the actual mitosis process. The process of cell growth and division into identical cells is…American Cancer Society……………………………………………………………………………………………
Briefly describe the second organization you chose (the organization other than the Red Cross). Explain the similarities and differences between the American Red Cross model and the other one you selected in terms of their elements and applications. Explain what recommendations you might make to aid counselors in terms of their selection and/or use of the models.
The Stafford Act specifically points to national agencies’ involvement in crisis responding. These agencies include the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army along with others. The National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) is one of the oldest crisis response agencies; it was originally established to aid crime victims. Professionals at responding organizations have a number of intervention models available to them. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) is a model that has been subject to some criticism because the usefulness of a debriefing or a reliving of a crisis is not always appropriate or helpful. More recently, Psychological First Aid was developed by the National Center for PTSD and the National Child Traumatic Stress Network as an evidence-informed modular approach for intervening with children, adolescents, adults, and families in the immediate aftermath of disaster and terrorism. In this Application Assignment, you explore both responding organizations and the crisis intervention models they employ.
To prepare for this assignment:
Review article, “Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended, and Related Authorities article, “In the Wake of Hurricane Katrina: Delivering Crisis Mental Health Services to Host Communities article, “Preparation, Action, Recovery: A Conceptual Framework for Counselor Preparation and Response in Client Crises article, “Toward a Positive Perspective on Violence Preventions in Schools: Building Connections,” and think about which violence-prevention models would work best with children. Research crisis management organizations’ crisis-intervention models, such as the American Red Cross’s model, and think about how they compare with each other. Review the American Red Cross model and select an additional model with which to compare it in this Assignment.
Think about the recommendations you might make to counselors about choosing a crisis-intervention model
Red Cross and World Vision Crisis Intervention Models
(Course Instructor)
(University Affiliation)
(Student’s Name)
(Date)
Red Cross and World Vision Crisis Intervention Models
When disasters strike they cause various forms of destructions to the critical infrastructure and even loss of life. Mohammadinia, Khorasani-Zavareh & Ardalan (2017) point that occurrence of a disaster can produce a range of physical, psychological, economical and social effects to people of all age groups. In order to avert such effects, it is imperative that first responders engage in immediate response to any crisis in order to relief the victims. However, the effectiveness of any crisis response is dependent on the choice of crisis intervention model adopted by the first responders. The paper will explore Red Cross and World Vision and the crisis intervention models that the two responding organizations employ.
The World Vision
Founded in 1950 by Robert Pierce, The World Vision is a Christian not-for-profit organization which focuses on global relief, development and advocacy, with a dedication on children, families and communities in fight against poverty and injustice (World Vision, 2018). The organization has its global office in Monrovia, CA, U.S, while it has some other regional headquarters across different parts of the continent. In addition to their operations in the United States, the organization has its operations in South and North America, Asia, Africa, Europe, and Middle East.
Comparison of World Vision and American Red Cross Crisis Intervention Models The major goal of any crisis intervention strategy is the resolution of the most pressing problems facing the victims. There are numerous situations that could lead to crisis such as economic situations, family situations, community situations and natural elements. In order to assist first responders in provision of temporary and……………………………………………………………………………………………………
In 2006, the 130-year-old American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities because it recognized that within the culture of its membership opinion toward the term mental retardation had turned negative. In its press release, an official noted, “This new name is an idea whose time has come. Individuals with disabilities and family members do not like the term mental retardation and their advocacy is encouraging political and social change at national, state, and local levels. Our members demanded that we keep up with [the] times and they voted for this name change” (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2006).
Like the disabilities field, the field of addictions also relies on terms and labels to diagnose, treat, and intervene. One precaution in working in the field is to understand the controversy surrounding labeling, the effect of labeling on clients, and the influence of cultural context on labels. A consideration affecting assessment and treatment is the underlying model used to inform processes.
This week, you examine the implications of labeling in addictions assessment, and you explore the relationship between addiction models and assessment processes.
Objectives
Students will:
Analyze implications of labeling in the addictions assessment process
Analyze influences of cultural context on labeling in the addictions assessment process
Analyze the relationship between models of addiction and assessment processes
Evaluate controversies associated with models of addiction
Required Resources
Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.
Readings
Gordis, E. (2009). Contributions of behavioral science to alcohol research: Understanding who is at risk and why. In G. A. Marlatt, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.), Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Addictive Behaviors: New Readings on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment, 1st Edition by Marlatt, G. & Witkiewitz, K. Copyright 2008 by American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of American Psychological Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.
For your Assignment, focus on thevarious hypotheses that describe why some individuals develop addictions and how certain age groupings are affected by alcohol.
Miller, G. (2010). Learning the language of addiction counseling. New York, NY: Wiley. Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling [Third Edition] by Gerri Miller. Copyright 2012 by John Wiley and Sons – Books. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons – Books via the Copyright Clearance Center
Chapter 1, “Introduction”
For your Assignment, focus on the various models of addiction and how they might relate to assessment.
Allamani, A. (2008). Views and models about addiction: Differences between treatments for alcohol-dependent people and for illicit drug consumers in Italy. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(12/13), 1704–1728. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Focus on the cultural context surrounding substance abuse and dependence and gambling.
Kroska, A., & Harkness, S. K. (2008). Exploring the role of diagnosis in the modified labeling theory of mental illness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(2), 193–208. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Focus on the concept of consequences of labeling to the individual. Though this article is focused on mental illness, the concepts apply to the field of addictions.
Richard, A. J., Trevino, R. A., Baker, M., & Valdez, J. (2010). Negative reflected appraisal, negative self-perception, and drug use intentions in a sample of suburban high school students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19(3), 193–209. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Focus on how labeling might affect adolescents.
Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Meerkerk, G-J.,& den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on Big Five personality traits. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38(6), 765-776. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
For your Assignment, focus on how the diathesis-stress model is applied in assessing Internet addiction in adolescents. Pay particular attention to how this model was incorporated into the assessment of Dutch adolescents in order to study their behavior.
Young, R. S., & Joe, J. R. (2009).Some thoughts about the epidemiology of alcohol and drug use among American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8(3), 223–241. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
Focus on the cultural context of alcoholism in the Indian/Alaska Native populations. How might such labels as alcoholic and drinker differ in these populations as opposed to a different population in the United States?
Addiction Treatment Magazine. (2011). New definition of addiction causing controversy among doctors. Retrieved from http://www.addictiontreatmentmagazine.com/addiction/new-definition-addiction-controversy/ Focus on how the new definition of addiction differs from definitions of years past. Why would this new definition be controversial? How would it affect treatment and practices?
Application: Models of Addiction and the Assessment Process
Several models are prominent in the field of addictions; these models include the medical model, moral model, and the biopsychosocial model. A particular model advocated by an addictions professional will influence the professional’s choices of assessment methods and treatment of addiction.
To prepare:
Consider the following definition of addiction by Michael Miller, M.D., former president of the American Society of Addiction Medicine: “At its core, addiction is not just a social problem or a moral problem or a criminal problem. It is a brain problem whose behaviors manifest in all these others areas…The disease is about brains, not drugs. It is about underlying neurology, not outward actions” (Addiction Treatment Magazine, 2011).
Assignment Directions:
Review the article, “New Definition of Addiction Causing Controversy Among Doctors.”
Research two articles that support or refute this position.
Examine Miller’s statement and, based on your research, identify which model it reflects and the implications for the assessment process.
Submit by Day 7 a 2- to 4-page paper that includes the following:
A brief description of the articles you chose and an explanation of their significance to Miller’s definition
An explanation of the model reflected in Miller’s statement and its implications for the assessment process
An explanation of the controversy that exists between models of addiction and their effects on assessment
An explanation of the relationship between the models of addiction and assessment processes
Review of the Article, “New Definition of Addiction Causing Controversy among Doctors”
Addiction has been labeled as a major problem that affects many citizens of the United States. According to (Addiction Treatment Magazine, 2011), Dr. Miller, the former president of American Society of Addiction Medicine, addiction is a disease of the brain. The following articles offer significant response to Dr. Miller’s claims.
Drug addiction. Is it a disease or is it based on choice? A review of Gene Heyman’s addiction: A disorder of choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 95(2), 263–267.
The article was authored and published in 2012 by Gene Heyman and was subsequently reviewed by Branch. Through a historical, clinical, anthropological, clinical and laboratory survey reviews, the author asserts that addicts were able to quit substance abuse. The author concluded that the claims that addiction is a brain disease are not only erroneous but a misconception. He points that the fact the ability of addicts to quit drugs successfully was inconsistent with that of chronic diseases.
Addiction Technology Transfer Network. Addiction is a disease The article was authored by the Addiction Technology Transfer Network and asserts that addiction has etiology that is comparable to that of chronic disease and thus should be classified as a brain disease. While creating a comparison of response to treatment, etiology, diagnosis and heritability of drug addiction, it found resemblance………………………
