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130-year-old American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association

Introduction

In 2006, the 130-year-old American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities because it recognized that within the culture of its membership opinion toward the term mental retardation had turned negative. In its press release, an official noted, “This new name is an idea whose time has come. Individuals with disabilities and family members do not like the term mental retardation and their advocacy is encouraging political and social change at national, state, and local levels. Our members demanded that we keep up with [the] times and they voted for this name change” (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2006).

Like the disabilities field, the field of addictions also relies on terms and labels to diagnose, treat, and intervene. One precaution in working in the field is to understand the controversy surrounding labeling, the effect of labeling on clients, and the influence of cultural context on labels. A consideration affecting assessment and treatment is the underlying model used to inform processes.

This week, you examine the implications of labeling in addictions assessment, and you explore the relationship between addiction models and assessment processes.

Objectives

Students will:

  • Analyze implications of labeling in the addictions assessment process
  • Analyze influences of cultural context on labeling in the addictions assessment process
  • Analyze the relationship between models of addiction and assessment processes
  • Evaluate controversies associated with models of addiction

Required Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Readings

  • Gordis, E. (2009). Contributions of behavioral science to alcohol research: Understanding who is at risk and why. In G. A. Marlatt, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.), Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Addictive Behaviors: New Readings on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment, 1st Edition by Marlatt, G. &Witkiewitz, K.  Copyright 2008 by American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of American Psychological Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

    For your Assignment, focus on thevarious hypotheses that describe why some individuals develop addictions and how certain age groupings are affected by alcohol.
  • Miller, G. (2010). Learning the language of addiction counseling. New York, NY: Wiley.
    Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling [Third Edition] by Gerri Miller.  Copyright 2012 by John Wiley and Sons – Books. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons – Books via the Copyright Clearance Center
    • Chapter 1, “Introduction”

      For your Assignment, focus on the various models of addiction and how they might relate to assessment.
  • Allamani, A. (2008). Views and models about addiction: Differences between treatments for alcohol-dependent people and for illicit drug consumers in Italy. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(12/13), 1704–1728.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Focus on the cultural context surrounding substance abuse and dependence and gambling.
  • Kroska, A., &Harkness, S. K. (2008). Exploring the role of diagnosis in the modified labeling theory of mental illness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(2), 193–208.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.  

    Focus on the concept of consequences of labeling to the individual. Though this article is focused on mental illness, the concepts apply to the field of addictions.
  • Richard, A. J., Trevino, R. A., Baker, M., & Valdez, J. (2010). Negative reflected appraisal, negative self-perception, and drug use intentions in a sample of suburban high school students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19(3), 193–209.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Focus on how labeling might affect adolescents.
  • Van derAa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Meerkerk, G-J.,& den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on Big Five personality traits. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38(6), 765-776.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    For your Assignment, focus on how the diathesis-stress model is applied in assessing Internet addiction in adolescents. Pay particular attention to how this model was incorporated into the assessment of Dutch adolescents in order to study their behavior.
  • Young, R. S., & Joe, J. R. (2009).Some thoughts about the epidemiology of alcohol and drug use among American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8(3), 223–241.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Focus on the cultural context of alcoholism in the Indian/Alaska Native populations. How might such labels as alcoholic and drinker differ in these populations as opposed to a different population in the United States?
  • Addiction Treatment Magazine. (2011). New definition of addiction causing controversy among doctors. Retrieved from http://www.addictiontreatmentmagazine.com/addiction/new-definition-addiction-controversy/

    Focus on     how the new definition of addiction differs from definitions of years past. Why would this new definition be controversial? How would it affect treatment and practices?

Optional Resources

Implications of Labeling

Assessment starts out with the best of intentions. Addictions professionals apply labels associated with common presenting characteristics in order to provide an understanding of the type of help each person may require. This is the rationale behind the American Psychiatric Association’s classic Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), first published in 1952 to consolidate census and psychiatric hospital information. This resource crosses many fields, from medicine to psychiatry to psychology.

Despite the success of this text and the respect it has garnered in the field, a decades-long controversy has surrounded the use of labels in addictions. As the primary provider of labels, the DSM is at one end of the spectrum. At the other end are those who criticize labels as being too limiting for various reasons, including cultural considerations. (For the purposes of this course, culture goes beyond race and ethnicity to include other defining aspects, such as social group, neighborhood, sexual orientation, occupation, and others.) An individual’s behavior might be perceived as deviant by one culture but not by another. It is also important to remember that the DSM has undergone many revisions, the most recent in the DSM-5; it is important to stay abreast of the changes as they occur.

In this week’s Discussion, you will analyze the implications of labeling and cultural considerations in the addictions assessment process.

To prepare

Review the Learning Resources, including the following articles:

  • “Some Thoughts About the Epidemiology of Alcohol and Drug Use Among American Indian/Alaska Native Populations”
  • “Views and Models About Addiction: Differences Between Treatments for Alcohol-Dependent People and for Illicit Drug Consumers in Italy”

Post by Day 4 your response to the following:

What role, if any, should labeling play in the addictions assessment process? In your response, include implications and cultural considerations.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Psychology: Implications of Labeling

(Course Instructor)

(University Affiliation)

(Student’s Name)

January 11th 2016.

Labeling

The Role of Labeling in the Addiction Process

            Labeling is a term that defines the influence on individual self-identity and behaviour by the terms used to describe their disorders (Allamani, 2008). The adoption of labels has a long history dating back to 1960s and more modifications have been adopted. The adoption and use of labels has a number of roles in the disorder assessment. However, the use of labels must take into consideration the cultural contexts under which they are being used.

            Labeling helps psychologists in classification of disorders, which are important in the design of the appropriate treatments for a particular disorder diagnosed in the assessment process. The use of labels helps to put disorders in categories depending on the assessment outcomes. Different disorder categories have different treatment and their classification based on labels helps in identifying the appropriate treatment strategies.

            According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (Hamlin, n.d.), using labels helps in statistical catering of the disorders 9for purpose of census records). When assessments are carried out and disorders are categorized based on labels, it helps in identifying the number of disorders that fall under a certain category thus providing the severity of that particular disorder within a population and in the country as a whole.

Implications and Cultural Considerations of Labeling           The use of labeling has a number of implications, which include the likelihood of it carrying a stigma (Hamlin, n.d.). Labeling a disorder may lead to stigmatization, which could lead to damage of the self-image of the client, resulting in stereotyping by the…………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Introduction

In 2006, the 130-year-old American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities because it recognized that within the culture of its membership opinion toward the term mental retardation had turned negative. In its press release, an official noted, “This new name is an idea whose time has come. Individuals with disabilities and family members do not like the term mental retardation and their advocacy is encouraging political and social change at national, state, and local levels. Our members demanded that we keep up with [the] times and they voted for this name change” (American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 2006).

Like the disabilities field, the field of addictions also relies on terms and labels to diagnose, treat, and intervene. One precaution in working in the field is to understand the controversy surrounding labeling, the effect of labeling on clients, and the influence of cultural context on labels. A consideration affecting assessment and treatment is the underlying model used to inform processes.

This week, you examine the implications of labeling in addictions assessment, and you explore the relationship between addiction models and assessment processes.

Objectives

Students will:

  • Analyze implications of labeling in the addictions assessment process
  • Analyze influences of cultural context on labeling in the addictions assessment process
  • Analyze the relationship between models of addiction and assessment processes
  • Evaluate controversies associated with models of addiction

Required Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Readings

  • Gordis, E. (2009). Contributions of behavioral science to alcohol research: Understanding who is at risk and why. In G. A. Marlatt, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.), Addictive behaviors: New readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment (pp. 19–32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    Addictive Behaviors: New Readings on Etiology, Prevention, and Treatment, 1st Edition by Marlatt, G. & Witkiewitz, K.  Copyright 2008 by American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of American Psychological Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

    For your Assignment, focus on thevarious hypotheses that describe why some individuals develop addictions and how certain age groupings are affected by alcohol.
  • Miller, G. (2010). Learning the language of addiction counseling. New York, NY: Wiley.
    Learning the Language of Addiction Counseling [Third Edition] by Gerri Miller.  Copyright 2012 by John Wiley and Sons – Books. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons – Books via the Copyright Clearance Center
    • Chapter 1, “Introduction”

      For your Assignment, focus on the various models of addiction and how they might relate to assessment.
  • Allamani, A. (2008). Views and models about addiction: Differences between treatments for alcohol-dependent people and for illicit drug consumers in Italy. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(12/13), 1704–1728.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Focus on the cultural context surrounding substance abuse and dependence and gambling.
  • Kroska, A., & Harkness, S. K. (2008). Exploring the role of diagnosis in the modified labeling theory of mental illness. Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(2), 193–208.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.  

    Focus on the concept of consequences of labeling to the individual. Though this article is focused on mental illness, the concepts apply to the field of addictions.
  • Richard, A. J., Trevino, R. A., Baker, M., & Valdez, J. (2010). Negative reflected appraisal, negative self-perception, and drug use intentions in a sample of suburban high school students. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 19(3), 193–209.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Focus on how labeling might affect adolescents.
  • Van der Aa, N., Overbeek, G., Engels, R. C. M. E., Scholte, R. H. J., Meerkerk, G-J.,& den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2009). Daily and compulsive internet use and well-being in adolescence: A diathesis-stress model based on Big Five personality traits. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 38(6), 765-776.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    For your Assignment, focus on how the diathesis-stress model is applied in assessing Internet addiction in adolescents. Pay particular attention to how this model was incorporated into the assessment of Dutch adolescents in order to study their behavior.
  • Young, R. S., & Joe, J. R. (2009).Some thoughts about the epidemiology of alcohol and drug use among American Indian/Alaska Native populations. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 8(3), 223–241.
    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Focus on the cultural context of alcoholism in the Indian/Alaska Native populations. How might such labels as alcoholic and drinker differ in these populations as opposed to a different population in the United States?
  • Addiction Treatment Magazine. (2011). New definition of addiction causing controversy among doctors. Retrieved from http://www.addictiontreatmentmagazine.com/addiction/new-definition-addiction-controversy/

    Focus on     how the new definition of addiction differs from definitions of years past. Why would this new definition be controversial? How would it affect treatment and practices?

Optional Resources

Application: Models of Addiction and the Assessment Process

Several models are prominent in the field of addictions; these models include the medical model, moral model, and the biopsychosocial model. A particular model advocated by an addictions professional will influence the professional’s choices of assessment methods and treatment of addiction.

To prepare:

  • Consider the following definition of addiction by Michael Miller, M.D., former president of the American Society of Addiction Medicine: “At its core, addiction is not just a social problem or a moral problem or a criminal problem. It is a brain problem whose behaviors manifest in all these others areas…The disease is about brains, not drugs. It is about underlying neurology, not outward actions” (Addiction Treatment Magazine, 2011).

Assignment Directions:

  • Review the article, “New Definition of Addiction Causing Controversy Among Doctors.”
  • Research two articles that support or refute this position.
  • Examine Miller’s statement and, based on your research, identify which model it reflects and the implications for the assessment process.

Submit by Day 7 a 2- to 4-page paper that includes the following:

  • A brief description of the articles you chose and an explanation of their significance to Miller’s definition
  • An explanation of the model reflected in Miller’s statement and its implications for the assessment process
  • An explanation of the controversy that exists between models of addiction and their effects on assessment
  • An explanation of the relationship between the models of addiction and assessment processes

Cite your sources using APA guidelines.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Psychology: Models of Addiction and the Assessment Process

(Course Instructor)

(University Affiliation)

(Student’s Name)

A Review of “New Definition of Addiction Causing Controversy among Doctors”

The increased attention that the gravity of addiction has posed for many years, has led to redefinition of the approaches to its treatment. According (Addiction Treatment Magazine, 2011) Dr. Miller, former president of the American Society of Addiction Medicine, addiction is a brain disease. In order to validate his claims, the paper undertakes a review of two articles that either support of dismiss Miller’s claims.

 Drug addiction. Is it a disease or is it based on choice? A review of Gene Heyman’s addiction: A disorder of choice. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 95(2), 263–267. 

Authored by Gene Heyman and reviewed by Branch in 2012, the article sought to demystify the controversy surrounding the views held on the problem of addiction. The article undertook a review of the surveys on historical, clinical, anthropological, clinical and laboratory basis in order to create their argument regarding the disorder. According to the author, the surveys create compelling statements that conceptualization of addiction is not only erroneous but also misleading. Whilst using the data available, the author points that most drug addicts successfully quit drug-addiction, a fact that was inconsistent with chronic diseases. Therefore, the author concluded that addiction is not a brain disease.

Addiction Technology Transfer Network. Addiction is a disease          Authored by the Addiction Technology Transfer Network, the article asserts that addiction is a chronic mental illness that is comparable in its etiology to that of chronic illness (Addiction Technology Transfer Network, n.d.). The article points that through a literature review that compared the response to treatment, etio……………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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The Developement of The American Economy

Create an essay of 500-750 words, describing the development of industry, business, and labor after the American Civil War. Address the following: 1.) Discuss several of the industries of America’s Industrial Revolution in the post-Civil War period. 2.) What made these leaders of industry successful? 3.)) Explain the origins and growth of labor unions. 4.) What did Labor Unions accomplish?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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History: The Development of the American Economy

(Course Instructor)

(University Affiliation)

(Student’s Name)

December 3rd 2015.

The Development of the American Economy

            The United States was chiefly an agricultural country before the end of civil war that started in 1861-1865 (Engelman, 2015). However, after the end of the civil war, the country begun a road towards reconstruction and transition from agricultural to industrial era. The industrial revolution had long begun in Great Britain in the 1700s, but United States would soon set precedence, witnessing a transition in its industrial sectors, rapid growth of businesses, developments of large-scale mechanized agriculture and labour market into becoming one of the leading economies by 1900s.

The Industries of America’s Industrial Revolution in the Post-Civil War Period

            In order to increase the capacity of its manufacturing sectors and open up the trade networks, the United States embarked on the construction of the railway lines in order to link the country to the ports in California (White, 2009). The Bessemer process was developed, which helped in replacing Iron with steel as the major building material. The development of the steel industry after the civil war saw the increase of the rail networks in the country to 193,000 miles by 1900.

Moreover, the steel was used in the manufacture of the harvesters and plows, which increased the agricultural efficiency and capacity. The agricultural industry became so efficient and profitable. During the same period, there were a number of technological innovations, such as the advent of steam and electricity, the invention of typewriter, adding machines and telephone. All these technological innovations increased efficiency in the agricultural and industrial sectors in the country.

Why the Leaders of Industry were Successful Majority of the farmers in the United States were laborers by 1860. However, the developments of improved agricultural machines, such as improved threshers, plows and reapers, reduced the workers by 40 percent by 1900 (White, 2009). The success in the agricultural industry in the United States could attributed to the fact that most of the farmers concentrated on improving efficiency of the agricultural machines rather than labor as was the case in Europe. The result was increased acreage and production with less investment in labor. However, the Europe was more concerned in the maintaining of fertility, which demanded more labor input and thus most of the investments were directed towards i……………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Highlight African American literary figures who have influenced African American life and culture.

 BIOGRAPHICAL WIKI INSTRUCTIONS

The purpose of this assignment is to:

• Highlight African American literary figures who have influenced African American life and culture. 

• Introduce students to the use of reliable reference sources.

• Foster critical thinking skills as students review one another’s work.

• Encourage interaction among students as they review and edit one another’s work.

Instructions for Creating a Page (Module/Week 4)

For the first part of this assignment, you will choose a person from the list provided, use reliable reference sources to compile a short biographical sketch (2 paragraphs) for that person, and post your work to the Biographical Wiki. You need to address the background of the author, his/her contributions to the field of literature and his/her influence on African American culture.

Step 1: Choose a person from the list below and create a page in the Biographical Wiki. Check to make sure the person you selected has not already been posted to the wiki by another student.

The two people will be Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes! 

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Chapter 17 in American Government and Politics

 You must used this textbook  to do this assignment.

** Textbook title Bessette, Joseph M. and John J. Pitney, Jr. 2014 Or 2013 American Government and Politics. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.

 In Chapter 17 in American Government and Politics.

In the twentieth century the government of the United States changed policy towards the public welfare and economy. How have these changes in policy altered the structure of government? In answering this question, you might consider the impact of this change on our national institutions, the Presidency, the courts, the Congress or the administrative state in modern times.

Please organize, edit and polish your essay as with any other submitted college paper.

Only refer to your readings in this course. You do not need a bibliography, cite a passage, put the text reference and page number in parentheses.

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Native American Heritage Month: 7 Films to Illuminate Diverse Experiences

 Select a film from the list provided on “Native American Heritage Month: 7 Films to Illuminate Diverse Experiences”: 

https://variety.com/2020/film/news/native-american-heritage-month-films-billy-luther-1234819161/

You may earn up to 10 extra credit points per event film watched by answering all parts of the prompt. You may watch up to 2 films from the list for extra credit (earn up to 20 points extra credit total.)

To receive extra credit for watching the film you must meet all of the following requirements:

1) watch the entire film,

2) take a “selfie” clearly showing you watched/listened to the movie,

3) write one 300 word (minimum) blog post describing film in detail and discussing what you learned from the film. Then analyze how the film connects to a specific example in history from our course materials, and how it connects to at least one of our key terms from the semester. 

4) attach your selfie at the end of your blog post. 

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English people versus American people

 submit a 1000 words paper on the topic English people versus American people. The United States is made up of many sub cultures and values within sub cultures vary from region to region which is not true in the case of Britain. The British hold a more conservative approach to their lifestyles and a common set of values prevails over the entire country making it and its people less receptive to outsiders and alien ideas. Furthermore, the British also have a more conservative immigration policy for outsiders to come to the country either to visit or settle with the natives of the land. On the contrary, America has shown more flexibility to its naturalization process and immigration is actually supported by the system- making it a land of opportunity for all. Moreover, people in Britain are linked with their heritage and location as where they are from and where their ancestors have been linked to. This creates a strong internal discrimination among themselves and has developed a class system within the country. Anywere starting from linkage to the royalty to the lords of the land, people feel pride in their heritage to an extent where hey actually discriminate their values over others living within the country and not belonging to the same level or maybe higher to their lineage (Denning, 1996).

Equality among people in Britain has suffered where no two classes are treated equally between the circles and this difference is clearly visible when comparing the labour over different industries. A coal miner does not get the same respect as a restaurant waiter. A manager in a big corporation feels and shows his elevated grace to a manager in a small firm. In the contrast, the American system of the society, though may at times be unjust, but is more liberal in the concept of equality (Christopher, 1999). Human Rights are made into laws and discrimination is discouraged by implementing legislations that enact to support equality and discourage gender or race discrimination.

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American Family

Provide a 2 pages analysis while answering the following question: The American Family. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. The American Family al affiliation The American Family The American family has gone through several changes from the nineteenth century to date. This paper highlights these changes which have brought about a new structure of the contemporary American family. The paper also points out the main idea found in articles by Popenoe (2003) and Coontz (2003).

Popenoe (2003) is a strong advocate for a nuclear family where children grow up with a father and a mother. However, in the American family this changed after 1950s. This is because men became more promiscuous and were not keen to take responsibility for the children they sired. The woman became a working being who viewed the nuclear family as an oppressive institution. The development of modern technology, contraceptives and abortion allowed women to have active sexual lives without worrying about pregnancy and childbearing. Boden (2005) testifies that more women have joined the working class and single parenthood is on the rise. As a result, parents have little free time with their children, which is unhealthy.

Earlier on, the men worked while women stayed at home as full time house wives, and marriage focused more on companionship and reproduction rather than romance and sex (Popenoe, 2003). Popenoe (2003) further argues that there is a call to revive the American nuclear family by emphasizing the importance of monogamy. This can be achieved through countering the sexual revolution, promoting marriage and renewing a cultural focus on children.

On the contrary, Coontz (2003) believes that many American families are better off today than in the past where women were not allowed to work, infant mortality was high and few children graduated from school. Today, both men and women have more choices than in the past. For instance, since the woman spends more hours at work than in the house, families have fewer children. This means that children get individualized attention from the parents. This was not so in the past. Moreover, people not only have the freedom to marry from the same or opposite sex or even remain unmarried, but also no one is under pressure to stay in an unhappy marriage. Men are no longer the main breadwinners in their families unless by choice. Furthermore, according to Coontz (2003), parents have learnt to balance between family needs and industrialization.

After a thorough study of the two articles, the modern structure of the nuclear family is more appealing. Although marriage is indispensable, it is no longer the foundation of a good family. A healthy family is made up of a parent or parents and children. The sexual orientation of the parent is not as weighty as raising children that enjoy the full attention of their parents. Nobody should endure a lousy marriage. McClain (2011) claims that commitment and investment to family can be done without the legal bond of marriage.

In conclusion, such a study on the modern American family is crucial because current and prospective parents can borrow a lot from the two schools of thought. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages but if implemented with caution can raise a powerful future generation.

References

Boden, L. I. (2005). Running on Empty: Families, Time, and Workplace Injuries. American Journal of Public Health, 95(11), 1894-1897.

Coontz, S. (2003). The American family today is not worse off than in the past. In Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. Points & counterpoints controversial relationship and family issues in the 21st century. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

McClain, L. R. (2011). Better Parents, More Stable Partners: Union Transitions Among Cohabiting Parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73(5), 889–901.

Popenoe, D. (2003). Can the nuclear family be revived? In Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. Points & counterpoints controversial relationship and family issues in the 21st century. Los Angeles: Roxbury.

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American businesses have often been criticized for short-term thinking that places too much emphasis on payback period and ROR.

Reflection and Disucssuion 

Chapter 3. Engineering Economic Analysis

Chapter 4. Life-Cycle Costing

Reflect on the assigned readings for the week. Respond to the following prompts: “What do I feel are the most important aspects of my learning in the chapters this week?” and “What about this learning was really worthy of my time and understanding?” Then explain how important it is in society or business.

Also, provide a graduate-level response to each of the following questions:

  1. American businesses have often been criticized for short-term thinking that places too much emphasis on payback period and ROR. When Honda started making cars in the early 1970s, for example, the chief executive officer stated that the firm would be “willing to accept an ROR no greater than 2% or 3% for as long as it took to be recognized as the best car maker in the world.” In light of the success of many Japanese firms, is the criticism of American business justified?
  2. Most countries have a progressive income tax system whereby each dollar earned in incrementally higher tax brackets is taxed at an increasingly higher rate. Do you think that a flat tax system would be more fair? How about a proportional tax system? Explain your answer.
  3. Discuss the effect of taxes on the life-cycle costing (LCC) of passenger cars. Compare domestic and imported cars.

Assignment

Activity I: A young engineer decides to save $240 per year toward retirement in 40 years.

  1. If he invests this sum at the end of every year at 9%, then how much will be accumulated by retirement time?
  2. If by astute investing the interest rate could be raised to 12%, then what sum could be saved?
  3. If he deposits one fourth of this annual amount each quarter ($60 per quarter) in an interest bearing account earning a nominal annual interest rate of 12%, compounded quarterly, how much could be saved by retirement time?
  4. In part (c), then what annual effective interest rate is being earned?

Activity II: Maurice Micklewhite has decided to replant his garden. Show him what the cost is of making an erroneous decision at various stages of the project, starting with conceptual design and ending with the ongoing maintenance of the garden.

The assignment is to answer the question provided above in essay form. This is to be in narrative form and should be as thorough as possible. Bullet points should not to be used. The paper should be at least 2 – 2.5 pages in length, Times New Roman 12-pt font, double-spaced, 1 inch margins and utilizing at least one outside scholarly or professional source related to project management. The textbook should also be utilized. Do not insert excess line spacing. APA formatting and citation should be used.

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Why Study History? and Peter Stearns’ argument published by the American Historical Association: Why Study History? (1998).

Instructions

Then consider why do you think people study history? (Don’t be trite here – it’s much more than “to learn from their mistakes”). Consider why you are required to study history to earn an AA or AS degree. Do you think the study of history helps you to be a better person or contribute to society? If so, how so? If not, why not?

To help you formulate an answer as to why history is important, consider the arguments made by Steven Kreis at the History Guide:  Why Study History? and Peter Stearns’ argument published by the American Historical Association: Why Study History? (1998). Do you agree or disagree with these scholars and why?

Finally, there is much confusion on how to study history as well. History is primarily examined through the study of documents. Review the “How to Study History” section in the eText, then select one primary and one secondary source related to our course content. Include those sources properly formatted in one of the approved styles and explain how a historian might use these sources.

As noted in the Grading and Evaluation page of the Syllabus, you should write at least 300 words in your response.

Reply to at least two other students’ posts with substantive responses and be sure to write at least 100-150 words and further the conversation by posing a question or suggesting a new source or fact on the subject to your correspondent. Replies to your instructor are optional for Reflection discussions, but encouraged!

See the Course Schedule and Course Rubrics pages for due dates and grading information.

Bibliography:

Kreis, Steven. “1.2 Why Study History?” The History Guide. Last Revised April 13, 2012. http://www.historyguide.org/guide/study.html

Stearns, Peter N. “Why Study History?” American Historical Association. 1998. https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/historical-archives/why-study-history-(1998).

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