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Automatic Water Irrigation System

1. Problem background and definition

The distribution of water not just for watering your grass is a necessity for farming. Countries that are heavily dependent on agriculture can benefit from a water irrigation system that can minimize labor and maximize efficiency in farming. Agriculture uses most of available fresh water resources and this use of fresh water resources will continue to be increases due to food demand increase and population growth. In some areas around the world even the use of fresh water is scarce due to the fact that major water pollution exists. Increased labor costs, stricter environmental regulations and increased competition for water resources from different areas , allows strong motivation for efficient Irrigation system.

2. Existing Solutions

In a recent trip to a country in Central America, El Salvador, I noticed how many people are dependent of agriculture for their livelihood. Farming is very popular in many parts of the country as it is a big part of the economy. El Salvador, being a very poor country sometimes there is lack of water resources and therefore irrigations becomes almost impossible to come by. During my trip I noticed that most farmers still take care of their harvest by manual watering. Not with water hoses but with buckets of water and traveling where the water needs to be dispersed. Not only is this intense manual labor, but it is not an adequate way to measure how much water the crops are receiving or have received. Manual labor of water irrigation requires a lot of attention and care. The thought of an automated irrigation system will not only reduce the amount of labor involved but will assure adequate water distribution. Automated irrigation system is feasible and cost effective for optimizing water resources for agricultural production. With an irrigation system, it can provide the proper amount of water needed for crops. An irrigation system accompanied with moisture sensors can increase farming efficiency almost 100% of what it is in this part of the country.

3. Project Goal

The purpose or goal of this project is to design an irrigation system that will disburse water evenly and efficiently with the use of components like moisture sensors.

4. Proposed Solution

This project is significant because it would help the agriculture industry in properly using water. The implications of the project are very great considering the amount of time, money and resources it saves. The project I have selected can be used as a reference for other projects of greater level such as GSM pump controller, weather updates using mobile phones and pest control just to name a few. This solution minimizes the water usage by supplying enough water to the soil. The system automatically waters the soil by checking its soil moisture contents.

5. Key Stakeholders

The key stakeholder in this project is my colleague with whom we work together in the same department of engineering. The main task he would perform is to assemble the necessary materials for designing this irrigation system and also to ensure that the results are excellent. I would then perform the remaining work to make the project a success with the help of my colleague. Other stakeholders include a mechanical engineer whose function will be to assemble the various parts and ensure that they are fixed well.

6. Assumptions and Constraints

Various assumptions and constraints were made.

6.1 Assumptions

We assume that there would be no wasted water and prosperous crop growth with the new irrigation system. It is also assumed that the moisture sensor will allow adequate water for the soil.

6.2 Constraints

Some of the constraints include 24 hours of conducting the research. Another constraint is that there will be 21 days of designing the new irrigation system.

7. Impact Analysis

7.1 Networking standards

Improved networking standards would have an impact on my project and proposed solution. With these standards, my design would be made effective by ordering the necessary tools and equipment needed for designing the new irrigation system.

7.2 Security and ethical

My design would be secure and reliable. It would be effective and could be used in every part of the world as its use is not restricted to a specific place or country. It would also be in accordance with the ethics of developing water irrigation as well as engineering ethics at large.

7.3 Social and legal

In society, most people are suffering from the lack of agriculture. The lack of properly maintained agriculture is due to inadequate irrigation systems. This proposal outlines how to design a new irrigation system that is more efficient and with improved performance. The design will be socially acceptable because it would solve the problem of poor water distribution.

7.4 Economic and target market

If the project is accepted, it would create job opportunities as many irrigation systems of new designs would be required. This would improve the agriculture field for most farmers or even companies. Moreover, it would also save individuals from the stress of spending much on other unreliable methods of water distribution.

8. Risks

Some risks that may be associated with this project include parts shortage while developing the water irrigation system. This might end up delaying the operations and thus extend the estimated duration for the completion of this project. Moreover, mother nature might also have an affect of how much water gets distributed. Another risk that could occur is theft. Stealing of the design components that are being used is a big risk.

9. Estimated Cost

The parts needed to create a water irrigation aren’t as expensive as one would suspect. It all depends on the size one is working with. The bigger the size the more piping you would need for the water distribution and therefore the cost rises. The project is estimated to cost about $200 for materials and equipment.

10. Estimated Duration

The estimated duration of the project is three weeks or approximately 21 days.

References

Grimes, D.W., and K.M. El-Zik. 1990. Cotton. p. 741–748. In B.A. Stewart and D.R. Nielsen (ed.) Irrigation of Agricultural Crops. Agron. Monogr. 30. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.

Fisher, D.K. 2004. Simple and inexpensive lysimeters for monitoring reference- and crop-ET. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Irrigation Conference, November 14-16, Tampa, Florida.

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Writers Solution

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) 6003 came back from an afternoon training flight with a dreaded automatic flight control system (AFCS) discrepancy

DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

The student will reply to the threads and the replies must be at least 250 words each. Each reply must incorporate at least one scholarly citation(s) in APA format. Any sources cited must have been published within the last five years. Acceptable sources include the most current sources you can find which likely means the Internet. Make sure to cite all facts in text.

Thread 1 

This week we learned about different approaches to resolving a discrepancy when the general 7-step process just isn’t working out. Regardless of which technique one uses for troubleshooting they must first remember defining the problem, gathering information, and performing analysis still take place when using these other methods (Mostia, 2006, p.74). Now lets take a look at the discrepancy.

One afternoon, U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) 6003 came back from an afternoon training flight with a dreaded automatic flight control system (AFCS) discrepancy. In a certain flight regime on this particular helicopter (approach to hover) there would be an intermittent AFCS degraded caution on the Multifunction display (MFD).

The 6003 is an MH-60T helicopter, manufactured by Sikorsky and the AFCS is a very complex system, designed to assist the pilot in maneuvering and handling the helicopter, as well as many other functions. The system is composed of three major subsystem: stability augmentation system (SAS), the stabilator system, and the digital automatic flight control system (DAFCS) (U.S. G.P.O., 2012, p.121). Each subsystem operates independently of the other two subsystems but as a total system, each subsystem complements the others. The MH-60T flight manual states, “The SAS subsystem provides rate damping and short-term dynamic stability in the pitch, roll, yaw, and vertical control axes” (2012, p.131) The stabilator subsystem optimizes trim attitudes for cruise, climb, and autorotation and provides pitch stability augmentation to complement the SAS system for additional redundancy (U.S. G.P.O., 2012, p.129). The DAFCS provides short term dampening (dynamic stability) and maintains desired altitude, speed, and heading (static stability) (U.S. G.P.O., 2012, p.121).The AFCS is made up of multiple control panels, automatic flight control computer (AFCC), trim servos, boost servos, primary servos, stabilator actuators, amplifiers, sensors, potentiometers, and the list goes on and on. To help with narrowing down component issues, the AFCC generates ground bite and flight bite codes to assist in the troubleshooting. While I would love to go into every specific components purpose, we do not have enough time to completely digest the information. I will attach all associated schematics and information to help assist in this particular discrepancy.

As my team and I dove into the discrepancy, we wrote down the associated flight bite codes, and performed a ground bite to get those codes. From there we went into the maintenance manual to which led us to the computer saying we had a bad collective trim servo. So we replaced that and sent the helicopter on its test flight, in which it came back failing the approach to hover check with an intermittent AFCS degraded. This is were I need you, my fellow classmates to help me solve this repeat offender. Thank you in advance for the help.

Thread 2 

In this week’s course reading we learned a few new methods to approach troubleshooting. For every trouble shooting situation there can be multiple methos used, it all depends on the mechanic and the type of situation found. I personally like the complex to simple method because it is easy to use and most of the time will help you quickly fine the problem. The textbook describes this system as “Involves finding the simple parts that function to make the whole. Once you find the simplest non-functioning “part,” you can evaluate the non-functioning part or, if necessary, you can start at a simple known good part and “rebuild” the system until you can find the problem”. (Mostia, 2006) As a mechanic when approaching a write up we must think what is the simplest component that may be causing this issue. In most cases the simple fix is relatively cheaper that other parts of the system. We as mechanics must complete our work in a timely manner but with respect to completing the task with safety as the number one priority. The book Aviation Maintenance Management define the word reliability as “The probability that an item will perform a required function, under specified conditions without failure, for a specified amount of time according to its intended design”.(Harry, 2013) When we work on specific components we must make sure that they are reliable to the customer.

For my write up I am going to be using a Mooney M20 with an engine issue as an example. The pilot stated that “The engine was running rough”. To the mechanic this could mean a numerous number of things could be wrong. The pilot could have bad fuel, a dead sparkplug, magnetos of time, and the list goes on. To narrow it down the mechanic take the aircraft out or an operational run. Upon the operational check being completed by the repair station they find the engine to be running completely normal. The lead mechanic gives the pilot a call to receive more information. The pilot then adds “I was coming in on my finial approach when I lost oil pressure, then my engine stuttered for a little bit. Once I was laned the engine stopped running rough”. However, when the mechanic was running the engine the oil pressure was normal. Now the mechanic can see that there is something wrong with the oil system.

The way this oil system works is quite simple. There is an oil pan that holds the excess oil in the bottom of the engine. When the aircraft starts it turns a sump which picks up oil and distributes it throughout the engine for cooling and lubricating purposes. However, this aircraft is equipped with a propeller governor. The oil is also pumped into the accessory case to lubricate the gears that are turning the magnetos, alternator, and more.  These types of aircraft use the oil from the sump to control the propeller angle of attack. All the oil once used seeps back to the oil pan to be used again

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