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Potential complications of colorectal bowel cancer

 POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS: There are several complications an individual can experience with colorectal bowel cancer. To name a few, potential complications of colorectal bowel cancer include:

  • Blockage of the colon, which causes bowel obstruction.
  • Cancer returning in the colon.
  • Infection, blood clots and bleeding following the surgery.
  • Difficulty drinking or eating.
    Cancer spreading to other organs or tissues.
  • Hernia.
  • Jaundice.
  • Advanced bowel cancer (stages I to III).
  • Formation of stoma.
  • Formation of fissures, strictures, and fistulas.

(“Colorectal cancer”, 2022

Colorectal Bowel Cancer

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Colorectal bowel cancer has several signs and symptoms. Some people may experience general symptoms while others could experience more severe symptoms. Signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer depend on the location, shape, and size of the lesion. This includes the following:

  • Abdominal pain, bloating, frequent gas, or cramping.
  • Change in bowel habits such as constipation, loose stools, more frequent bowel movement, constipation, and narrower stool.
  • Anaemia (tiredness, weakness, or breathlessness).
  • Rectal bleeding or blood in stool.
  • A lump in the anus or rectum.
  • Palpable mass.
  • Tenesmus.

(Nurgali & Wildbore, 2019).

RISK FACTORS

Bowel cancer is cancer in any part of the large bowel, either the colon or rectum. (“Bowel cancer”, 2021). There are several factors that may increase the risk of an individual developing this condition. In saying this, these factors include:

  • Consuming large amounts of processed and red meat.
  • Alcohol consumption (more than two drinks per day).
  • Smoking (more than two packs a day).
  • Not exercising regularly.
  • Unhealthy high fat diet/obesity. (BMI

> 25)

  • Age (50+ risk increases).
  • Family history (3 in 10 cases).
  • Genetic mutation (1 in 10 cases).
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (Chron’s disease and Ulcerative colitis).
  • Colon Polyps

(“Bowel cancer (colon and rectal cancer)”, 2020)

Colorectal Bowel Cancer

NURSING PRIORITIY – PERSON-CENTRED CARE DURING THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD

Person-centred care implies having access to a medical care professional that is emotionally and physically present through a perioperative process. According to Health Direct (2020), colorectal cancer occurs in the anal canal, rectum, or the large intestines. In saying this, bowel cancer often begins from small growths in the adenomas (polyps) or the inner lining of the bowel. In most cases, it is treated by surgery which is often associated with several postoperative complications such as fistula, urinary tract infection, postoperative bleeding, surgical site infection, bowel ileus or obstruction, pneumonia, and anastomotic leakage (Pallan et al., 2021). In addition to this, such complications can deteriorate an individual’s mental and physical capacity; hence, registered nurses are required to offer person-centred care during this period. Besides, it is possible that bowel cancer might reoccur in the same site or another location in a human’s body. Since the perioperative journey can be difficult, healthcare professionals must increase the availability and provision of psychological, educational, and training resources to meet the complex perioperative coping styles and needs of a patient who has colorectal bowel cancer.

Nurgali & Wildbore (2019) stated that it is the responsibility of healthcare professionals to provide education and support to patients to make sure that they would engage in self-care behaviours and be confident once they are discharged. For instance, colorectal bowel cancer patients should be provided with important information on modifiable risks such as regular exercise, quitting smoking and drinking, and eating a healthy diet (Nurgali & Wildbore, 2019). In saying this, it is also vital to provide person-centred care by teaching and educating patients and their families or caregivers on how to manage post-surgery symptoms, how to correctly treat and manage the surgery wound, and when to seek immediate medical attention when symptoms persist, or they need some extra assistance. Besides psychological and physical perioperative strategies, regular mental health examinations are vital for detecting comorbidities. As a result, providing this information to caregivers is essential as they would use it to understand how to provide care to a patient and ensure optimal recovery.

References

Bowel cancer. Cancer Council NSW. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.cancercouncil.com.au/bowel-cancer/.

Healthdirect. (2020). Bowel cancer (colon and rectal cancer). https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/bowel-cancer

Nurgali, K., & Wildbore, C. (2019). Alterations of digestive function across the lifespan. In J. Craft, & C. Gordon (Eds.), Understanding pathophysiology (3rd Australian and New Zealand ed., pp. 798-856). Elsevier Australia.

Colorectal cancer. Medlineplus.gov. (2022). Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000262.htm.

Pallan, A., Dedelaite, M., Mirajkar, N., Newman, P. A., Plowright, J., & Ashraf, S. (2021). Postoperative complications of colorectal cancer. Clinical Radiology, 76(12), 896-970

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What are the Risk Factors for Cancer

Unit 2 DB: What are the Risk Factors for Cancer

We have learned that when the cell loses control of cellular division, cancer can be the result. We know that there are several risk factors for cancer. In this discussion, describe which of those risk factors are significant for you? What steps could you take could reduce that risk? Have you learned about a risk factor that you weren’t aware of?

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Predictors of Tumor Status among Breast Cancer Patients:

Instruction: The project will entail a through data analysis of the data provided using appropriate regression models. You may use SAS software for your data analysis and estimation.

Suggested title:

Predictors of Tumor Status among Breast Cancer Patients:
Can the Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Technique be used as a Substitute for Biopsy?

The project has the following outcome (Y) and predictors (Xi) variables:

Outcome: Y = tumor status

Predictors: X1 – X9

Research question

(1) Do the cell features allow us to predict tumor status? That is, can we use FNA as an alternative to the biopsy procedure for future patients?

(2) What are the sensitivity and specificity of the FNA based on the model?

(3) What features are the predictors of tumor status?

Develop your hypotheses based on the predictor variables you are interested to test and investigate.

Make a decision which variables to retain in the final model based on the results of a detailed analysis.

Submit a 10 page well written paper based on the methods applied and your findings. Attach summary results in the form of tables. Also attach your codes and final results as Appendix.

The paper has to be double-spaced using Times New Roman 12pt. Sound analysis and correct interpretation of the key results is expected.

The written report should include:
(1) Introduction; (2) purpose of the study and research questions to be addressed; (3) hypotheses to be tested; (4) brief description of the data; (5) statistical methods applied including their full specifications; (5) results and interpretations; (6) summary and conclusions; and (7) limitations if any and suggestions how to improve the project for future analysis.

Dataset

The data is from the Wisconsin Breast Cancer which consist of 683 cases of potentially cancerous tumors. Traditionally whether a tumor is malignant or benign is determined with an invasive surgical biopsy procedure. An alternative less invasive technique called “fine needle aspiration” allows examination of small amount of tissue from the tumor. (FNA). For the Wisconsin data, FNA provided nine cell features for each case; a biopsy was then used to determine the tumor status as malignant or benign.

Don’t forget to start with simple analysis tools and build your final models step by step.

You may use the 5% level of significance for your hypothesis testing.

Name of dataset: wisbcdata.xlsx

Description of variables

VariableDefinition
Tumor status (0= benign, 1= malignant)
Clump thickness
Cell size uniformity
Cell shape uniformity
Marginal adhesion
Single epithelial cell size
Bare nuclei
Bland chromatin
Normal nucleoli
Mitoses
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American Cancer Society

Overview
This activity is going to push you to think like a practicing medical professional. You should take into account what you learned in the Discuss and Debate assignment, but you will also conduct your own research for this assignment. Choose a cancer that most interests you (e.g., breast cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer, etc.). Investigate the type of cancer, and identify one root cause for this type of cancer at the cellular organelle level. You will trace the path to describe how an organelle dysfunction could lead to this type of cancer.

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Instructions
Choose a cancer about which you are passionate or in which you are interested.
Prepare a written paper to the American Cancer Society of at least 500 words that includes the following:
Examine what went wrong with the normal cellular function to cause that neoplasm.
Explain how the cell reproduction rate and differentiation are kept within the normal range to avoid the formation of neoplasms.
Regarding this cancer, choose either the perspective of Jake or Jennifer, and tell us whether you think this cancer may someday be cured.
Your paper should be formatted as a proper research paper with an introduction and conclusion. Do not simply follow the bullet points above, but really think about what you have learned and how that relates to other material we have covered and knowledge you have from other courses you may have taken. : American Cancer Society


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Causes of Throat Cancer at Cellular Organelle Level

Name of Student

University Affiliation

Causes of Throat Cancer at Cellular Organelle Level

            The human cell is one of the critical components in the human body that forms the basis of life. The diseases that affect human beings can be traced to the impact it has on cells in the body. Severe cell infections or alteration like it occurs with cancer can cause diseases that can be hard to cure. Cancer is considered one such infection that has become one of the leading killer diseases in the world. According to Pecorino (2012) cancer is considered as a disease that originates from cells growth that is unregulated and which spreads from the primary site to other parts of the body. The author points that research has documented over 100 types of cancer and include throat cancer, lung cancer, neck cancer, skin cancer, and colorectal cancer among other types.  

Throat cancer occurs in a multi-step process that leads to genetic alteration and metastasis. At the cellular level, the process starts through mutation and cell selection and increased proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. The initial step is the tumor initiation where the cells in the throat undergo genetic alteration resulting in proliferation of a single cell. Due to cell proliferation, an outgrowth of population of clonally derived tumor cells is formed. The tumors continue with growth within the tumor cells population through mutations causing cancer.             The cells in the human body reproduce through a process called mitosis that leads to production of identical cells. The process occurs through a controlled replication process that are typically in four stages that involves growth of the cells, synthesis and replication of DNA, growth in preparation of division, and finally the actual mitosis process. The process of cell growth and division into identical cells is…American Cancer Society……………………………………………………………………………………………

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When someone tells you they have an illness such as cancer, you probably feel empathy.

When someone tells you they have an illness such as cancer, you probably feel empathy. Would you feel the same way if someone told you they had schizophrenia or another psychological disorder? Psychological disorders are arguably some of the most misunderstood illnesses. Sometimes you may think someone has a psychological disorder because you cannot understand or trust them. Think about how Pat’s friends and co-workers might describe her differently if they knew she had a psychological disorder.

Last week, you noticed that Pat’s results on the MMPI-2 included elevated scores on the scales for paranoia and schizophrenia. Previously, she refused to discuss prior hospitalizations and health. However, this week she is ready to talk:

“Well, I guess we are not strangers anymore. I told you before I was in the hospital and the last time was when I was 31. I was not in there for body aches. I was there because people thought I was crazy. I’m a bit better now because I am in treatment. I have my moments when things are really bad. For example, I would hear voices—sometimes I thought it was God, and I could hear Him just like I hear you. Other times I would have the television turned off but it would be talking to me anyway. I even started thinking my neighbors were poisoning my tap water, so I stopped showering and drinking. I got hospitalized because I was sure that God and my neighbors were working together to hurt me so they could put me in prison.”

Pat stops a moment to catch her breath, and you notice that her arms are twitching a little. As you think back, you realize she has done that a lot since you have been getting to know her. “Like I said, I only get that bad once in a while when I am not on my medication. However, I still sometimes hear things that aren’t there or worry that people are out to get me even with the treatment. It’s just less.”

This week explores contributing factors, including social-cultural factors, on psychological disorders.

Week 5 Learning Resources

This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week’s assigned Learning Resources.

Required Resources

Readings

  • Myers, D. G. (2014). Exploring psychology, in modules (9th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
    • Module 39, “Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders, and Mood Disorders” (pp. 542–561)
    • Module 40, “Schizophrenia” (pp. 562–568)
    • Module 41, “Other Disorders” (pp. 569–583)
  • Szasz, T. S. (1960). The myth of mental illness. American Psychologist, 15, 113–118. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.This article argues that mental illness does not exist, focusing on topics such as ethics in psychiatry, problems in living, and brain disease.
  • DSM–5 Bridge Document: Note regarding DSM Changes

Media

Optional Resources

Week 5 Assignment

Application: Social-Cultural Influences on Diagnosis and Treatment

With social-cultural, biological, and psychological influences being so diverse, the line between normal and disorder may be hard to draw.  For example, consider cultures that are heavily grounded in religious or folk beliefs.  In those cultures, talking to dead ancestors may be considered a normal practice (Friedrich, 1987).

Social-cultural factors are important because they influence how patients communicate symptoms, and which ones they report. In a clinical setting, these factors also influence how patients understand the disorder and consequent treatment. The medical model traditionally has viewed psychological disorders as illnesses that must be cured. In contrast, the biopsychosocial approach recognizes that culture influences the circumstances by which we understand individuals.

For this assignment, focus on the social-cultural factors that affect Pat’s behavior.

To prepare for this Assignment:

  • Imagine you are an intern at a clinic that has been asked to prepare a PowerPoint presentation about Pat’s case.
  • Consider how Pat’s social-cultural factors affect her diagnosis and treatment for paranoid schizophrenia.

Submit by Day 7 a PowerPoint presentation of 2–3 slides explaining Pat’s diagnosis from a biopsychosocial perspective.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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What impact did an undescended testicle have on this young man’s risk for developing testicular cancer?

The answers must be in your own words with reference to the journal or book where you found the evidence to your answer. Do not copy-paste or use past students’ work as all files submitted in this course are registered and saved in turn it in the program.

Answers must be scholarly and be 3-4 sentences in length with rationale and explanation. No Straight forward / Simple answer will be accepted.  

Turn it in Score must be less than 25 % or will not be accepted for credit, must be your own work and in your own words. You can resubmit, Final submission will be accepted if less than 25 %. Copy paste from websites or textbooks will not be accepted or tolerated. Please see College Handbook with reference to Academic Misconduct Statement.

All answers to case studies must have reference cited in the text for each answer and a minimum of 2 Scholarly References (Journals, books) (No websites)  per case Study

 Case Study 1 

Mr. JS presents today to your office for a follow up appointment after a BP reading at home of 166/95 last week. He is a 52 y/o male with a PMH of HTN and Angina secondary to CAD, which is well controlled, experiencing less than 1 attack per month. On today examination, MR JS’s vital signs are as follows: Temperature: 96.8º Heart Rate: 68 bpm Blood Pressure: 168/92 Respiration: 14 Ox Sat: 95% at room air Pain: denies pain. Labs: Last LDL on records (6 months ago): 189 Current Medications: Atorvastatin 40 mg/day Metoprolol tartrate 10 mg/twice/day 

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS: 

1) According to the recently released American Heart Association guidelines on hypertension, what should be the BP goal for a patient with chronic stable angina and hypertension? 

2) In addition to diet and lifestyle modifications, what is the medication of choice to control the BP of a patient with chronic stable angina? Provide rationale 

3) Provide at least 3 (questions) you would ask your patient RELATED to the case presented and provide rationale. 

4) Please explain whether you would request any laboratory or screening tests for this patient and why (if any) 

5) How would you achieve the B/P goal recommended for this patient according to the guidelines provided above? 

6) Provide References in APA style 

 Testicular Cancer 

Case Studies A 21-year-old male noted pain in his right testicle while studying hard for his midterm college examinations. On self-examination, he noted a “grape sized” mass in the right testicle. This finding was corroborated by his healthcare provider. This young man had a history of delayed descent of his right testicle until the age of 1 year old. Studies Results Routine laboratory studies Within normal limits (WNL) Ultrasound the testicle Solid mass, right testicle associated with calcifications HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) 550mIU/mL (normal: <5) CT scan of the abdomen Enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes CT scan of the chest Multiple pulmonary nodules Diagnostic Analysis At semester break, this young man underwent right orchiectomy. Pathology was compatible with embryonal cell carcinoma. CT directed biopsy of the most prominent pulmonary nodule indicated embryonal cell carcinoma, compatible with metastatic testicular carcinoma. During a leave of absence from college, and after banking his sperm, this young man underwent aggressive chemotherapy. Repeat testing 12 weeks after chemotherapy showed complete resolution of the pulmonary nodules and enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes. 

Critical Thinking Questions 

1. What impact did an undescended testicle have on this young man’s risk for developing testicular cancer? 

2. What might be the side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy? 

3. What was the purpose of preserving his sperm before chemotherapy? 

4. Is this young man’s age typical for the development of testicular carcinoma? 

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Ann and Michael have been married for 55 years. Ann is 80 years-old, and suffers from lung cancer and advanced Alzheimer’s disease

This week you have two options for your initial discussion post. Select the option that is best for you! Please remember to use and credit the lesson or required NIH website (there was not a textbook reading this week), AND one outside scholarly source.

Option #1 – Case Study to Consider

Ann and Michael have been married for 55 years. Ann is 80 years-old, and suffers from lung cancer and advanced Alzheimer’s disease. She currently resides in a nursing home, and often does not recognize Michael when he visits. Last night she was admitted to the hospital with difficulty breathing. Today, you are the nurse caring for Ann, and her physician is suggesting surgery to remove part of her lung to potentially slow the progression of her cancer. Michael is feeling unsure about this course of treatment, and asks for your advice and guidance.

How would you respond to Michael and serve as advocate for your patient?

Option #2 – Share a Related Experience

Share with your classmates a time when you cared for a patient at the end of their life. This may be a time when you assisted the patient (or their support system) with decisions related to end of life care; or a time when you were present for the death of a patient.

What were your observations related to this experience? Do you believe it was a peaceful death? What went well? Can you think of any

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thing that could have made the experience better for the patient and/or family?

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correlation between the use of fertility drugs and ovarian cancer

Medical researchers conducted a study on the correlation between the use of fertility drugs and ovarian cancer.  Their study, published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, concludes that the use of the fertility drugs, Pergonal and Serophene, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer by three times.  The lead author of the studies, Professor Alice Whittemore, stated, “Our finding in regard to fertility drugs is by no means certain.  It is based on very small numbers and is really very tenuous.”

​

FDA Commissioner David Kessler would like the infertility drug manufacturers to disclose the study findings and offer a warning on the drug packages.  He notes, “Even though the epidemiology study is still preliminary, women have a right to know what is known.  We’re not looking to make more of this than there is.”

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If you were a manufacturer of one of the drugs, would you voluntarily disclose the study information? In 700 Words