This week, let’s turn for a moment to consider the importance of ethics in your career in the criminal justice system. Watch the following videos and identify the ethical issues for each. Then discuss how you would handle the situations and why.
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Review recently published (within the past five years) peer-reviewed scholarly articles located in the AMU/APUS University’s online library databases. Discuss a criminal justice, intelligence studies, international relations or security management topic requesting instructor approval of the topic you would like for your research proposal (term project) paper. In doing so, please remember for this class you are selecting a topic NOT for writing a research paper about, but rather for writing a proposal to do actual hands-on research using scientific research methodology. In your discussion post discuss what you have identified in the current peer-reviewed literature located in the APUS Library databases on a topic you wish to research. Briefly discuss the literature and express what still needs to be researched or requires further research on the topic you would like to address in your research proposal. In other words, did the authors of the studies already done on this topic you reviewed call for further research on the topic or something to do with the topic? Then again, perhaps you identified a problem that still needs to be researched on the topic where the current literature is lacking. If so, discuss what it is and how it pertains to the topic and why it needs to be researched and who would benefit from the research. After doing so, you are to provide a ‘Working Title’ for your Research Proposal, as discussed in this week’s lesson. Understanding this may change as your Research Proposal develops during the course.
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Write a 1000–1250 words paper analyzing the development of two different criminal justice systems. Using the three countries (Canada, Saudi Arabia and United States) chosen in Unit 1, provide a brief description of each country from both a historical and cultural perspective. Then, describe what type of legal tradition is employed by each country (Common, Civil, Eastern Asia, or Islamic), and how the three elements (history, culture, and legal tradition) are applied to the management of justice through the current legal system of the countries under consideration. Try to be specific and provide examples where possible.
The following questions are designed to assist in the structuring of the paper: • How has culture impacted the development of each system? • Have there been any culture changes in the last 5 years that have affected the criminal justice system of the country. • Has either criminal justice system changed or influenced the culture it serves? • What legal issues have had an impact on the development of each system? • Did these legal issues impact the culture as well? • How has politics played a role in the development of each system? Your paper should be in APA format and include a title and reference page. Page length, 1000 – 1250 words. Use at least two credible sources beyond the text material to support your positions. You may consult the Library, the internet, and other course material.
Canada, Saudi Arabia and United States have different history and culture, thus leading to difference in criminal justice system in the three countries. For example, history and culture of Saudi Arabia was founded in Islamic region which is totally different from those of Canada and the United States. Although, Canada and the United States have history and culture stemming from their colonies, they differ significantly.
Brief description of history and culture of each country
Canada
Analysis of Canadian history and culture showed that government at municipal, provincial/territorial and federal level shared an intertwined culture. The cultural policies are influenced by investment opportunities, foreign trade, multicultural society, Canada’s two official languages, social benefits, economic growth, national and regional interests and perception of public good(Nunn, 2012). Studies have showed that Canada’s cultural fabric has been influenced by several factors including diverse Aboriginal cultures, official linguistic duality (English and French), a distinct blend of multicultural demographics, ubiquitous proximity to U.S., the high cost of production and limited economies of scale as well different criminal justice systems as small and geographically dispersed population. These are the historical and cultural perspectives that have shaped the criminal justice system…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Write an essay of 1,250-1,500 words in which you describe the procedural steps in a criminal trial. Address the following:
How does one determine whether or not they have standing to appear in criminal court? Once standing is confirmed, how does the court administer pre-trial management procedures such as notice, right to counsel, and whether to terminate the proceedings? Why are these procedures required for the administration of Justice? (comp. 4.1) Explain what happens during each step of a trial, including the purpose each step serves. These steps should include, at a minimum, the following: opening statements, direct examination, cross-examination, jury instructions, jury deliberations, rendering a verdict, and sentencing. Analyze and discuss what possible appellate procedures are in place for a criminal defendant. Explain when an appeal may be a viable option, and when it may not. Use the GCU Library to locate four to six relevant, scholarly sources in support of your content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
The criminal trial process often follows certain basic procedural steps though this may vary from one jurisdiction to the other. However, Scheb and Scheb (2012) points out that in all the jurisdictions, the law enforcement agencies make the arrests and interrogate the suspects in custody, make searches and seizures. The authors point out that all the actions of law enforcement are governed by the procedural law. In all the jurisdictions, the criminal suspects undergo certain procedures to be notified about the charges they are facing and be accorded a chance to answer to them in a court of law.
Standing to Appear in Criminal Court
The first stage in a criminal procedure is the pre-trial complaint investigation. According to Mayen (2014) the during the pre-trial complaint investigation, the civil plaintiff or a prosecutor investigates before filing a complaint. Once the investigation has established all the facts regarding the complaint, a formal complaint is made against the offender. Once the complaint is filed, the offender may institute a motion to dismiss the complaint. The criminal defender faces detention once the complaint has been made. However, the defendant must not be held for more than 48 hours and should be arraigned before the magistrate (Carp et al., 2014). It is during the arraignment that the defendant gets to know whether they have standing before the trial court.
The arraignment of a defendant before a magistrate is the preliminary hearing process. According to Del Carmen (2007), the preliminary trial process has great resemblance with the trial process. However, the sitting magistrate may not be the judge during the trial process. The main purpose of the preliminary trial process is to inform the defendant regarding the crimes and on finding the probable cause can set the case to full trial. The defence gets to know the kind of evidence the prosecution has and the strength of the case in which the defendant faces. The defence may choose to present the evidence or decide not to present it at all.
Pre-Trial Management Procedures
The conformation of standing to appear in a criminal court paves way for the administration of the pre-trial management procedures. The indictment is followed by the pre-trial conference, which can be one or more depending on the court’s motion or that of a party (Saltzburg & Schlueter, 2015). During the pre-trial conference, several procedures such as notices, right to the counsel, and decisions on whether to terminate proceedings are discussed. Although the defendant is not required to be present during the pre-trial conference, they can be represented by the defence. The pre-trial conferences set the schedule and motion deadlines, the pre-trial hearings and the trial. It is during this trial process that an estimate of the trial duration is determined and the likelihood of resolution without trial by a plea of guilty is determined.
The pre-trial conference procedures are critical in the administration of justice. According to Saltzburg and Schlueter (2015), pre-trial conferences can serve many roles that are critical in the trial process. The pre-trial conference can expedite the disposition of the case ensuring justice is delivered promptly to the complainant and the accused. It also allows the court to create and establish managerial control over the case. It improves the quality of hearing, discourages wasteful activities, and facilitates speedy settlement of a case.
Address federal and state jurisdiction in criminal cases. Explain why we have so many different court jurisdictions for criminal offenses. Explain whether the plethora of jurisdictions enhance or detract from the imposition of justice throughout the country. Provide your reasoning. Use the GCU Library to locate three to five relevant, scholarly sources in support of your content.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. This guide is located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. Use court jurisdictions for criminal offenses
The United States of America as the name suggests embodies a dual form of governments consisting of the federal and sovereign state governments operating as part of a unified federation. The state governments have jurisdictions over the functions within individual states as guaranteed by the American constitution. The federal government has jurisdictions over functions of America and some within the states as provided for in the US constitution. The same dual functionality extends to the criminal justice system in the state and federal levels. According to Jenkins (2011), the American criminal justice system consists of state and federal courts each with different jurisdictions over criminal cases. The duality in the criminal justice system has been blamed sometimes for creating complexity in deciding the laws necessary laws for the delivery of decisions.
The different jurisdictions in the US criminal justice owe a lot to the sovereignty of the states form the federal government. The functions and structure of the federal courts are mainly determined by the American constitution. The mandate of such courts is to address the matters of federal concern. Although federal law is supreme, the states have been mandated and as a result, established criminal laws, procedures, and rules for the prosecution of criminal offences. This has created two forms of jurisdictions over criminal offences between the state and federal governments. Currently, the state criminal codes handle a majority of the crimes committed in the United States. Gardner and Anderson (2015) assert that it is only a small percentage of the offences that can be categorized under the federal and state jurisdictions. The two levels of governments are sovereign and can enforce laws under their jurisdictions.
The other reason why there are different court jurisdictions for criminal offences is due to the general police power granted by the constitution to the state governments. According to Gardner & Anderson (2015), there has never been a federal common law and all federal criminal crimes must be statutory and enacted by Congress. The general police power remains with the states who are tasked with maintenance of tranquillity. The federal criminal laws that may be enacted can only govern protection of the federal government, its employees, officials, and property, regulation of foreign and interstate trade, and protection of civil rights. Since a majority of the violations are under the jurisdiction of state governments, different state jurisdictions for criminal cases have been developed. State court handles the largest number of criminal cases unless a case touches………………………………………………………………………………………………
Construct an outline of 400-500 words for an essay in which you describe the procedural steps in a criminal trial. Address the following:
How does one determine whether or not they have standing to appear in criminal court? Once standing is confirmed, how does the court administer pre-trial management procedures such as notice, right to counsel, and whether to terminate the proceedings? Why are these procedures required for the administration of Justice? Explain what happens during each step of a trial including the purpose each step serves. These steps should include, at a minimum, the following: opening statements, direct examination, cross-examination, jury instructions, jury deliberations, rendering a verdict, and sentencing. Analyze and discuss what possible appellate procedures are in place for a criminal defendant. Explain when an appeal may be a viable option, and when it may not. Include an Annotated Bibliography section with at least six sources, formatted in APA.
Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,†located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style, referring to the indicative annotation protocol.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
Although criminal procedures vary based on jurisdictions, basic criminal trial procedures are the same. The formal process that charges an individual often involves the jury indictment or when a prosecutor files information in court. Once this has been done, the defendant is arraigned in a court of law where they enter into plea of nolo contendere (plea of not guilty) or plea of guilty (Scheb & Scheb, 2014). It is the plea of nolo contendere that makes one stand for trial. This is when the individual knows they have the standing to appear in a court of law.
The trial process is governed by rules of procedure, which sets out elaborate processes for determining whether an individual is guilty or not. Once a defendant is to stand trial, a pretrial conference is scheduled one week before the actual criminal trial begins (Bergman, 2018). At the pretrial hearings, several issues are determined and rule by the pretrial court. Some of the issues determined and rule include rules for case proceedings, scheduled for trial and other pretrial matters, evidence that should and that should not be concluded can be argued by parties, witnesses to be allowed, venues for trial, and right to counsel if the defendant is not represented at a pretrial hearing.
The establishment of the pretrial procedures is important in the administration of justice. During the establishment of pretrial procedures, several issues are resolved that ensure dispensation of justice to the defendant (American Bar Association, 2020). The procedures are critical in resolving matters that allow for the efficient running of the trial process. It is during this step in the trial process that all the parties involved exchange important information that could make them be prepared if the matter proceeds to full trial. Also, it is during the pre-trial process that judges receive information about the issues and the parties involved and to establish their authority over the trial process. The criminal trial process can be considered to be complete if it has six steps; choice of the jury, issuing of the opening statement, cross-examination and issuing of testimonies, closing arguments, jury instruction, and issue of the verdict after jury deliberation (Arizona Supreme Court, 2020). During jury selection, a potential juror will………………………………………………………………………………………………
The final paper must be relevant to an important criminal justice management issue covered during the course such as: Pick one topic or combination off all three topics. + breaking the silence on law enforcement suicide. + issues in police administration such as doing more with less due to economy. + issues criminal justice managers will face in future like technology, use of force, ethnic, race, and community relations.demonstrates analysis, creativity, and critical thought. It must be no less than 10 pages of text, double spaced with a font size of 12, in Times New Roman. There should be no less than 7 reference sources cited.
The Issues that Criminal Justice Managers Will Face in the Future
Introduction
The United States criminal justice system has undergone many changes in the past centuries. For instance, the change in the American case law, offered new perspectives upon which the police could use deadly force. The growing technology, the increased media scrutiny and the increasing roles of civil society groups, will significantly affect the roles of the justice managers in future. The future justice managers will face a number of issues, such as ethical failures, police use of force, technology, media attention, ethnic, and race and community relations.
Excessive Use of Force and Police Brutality One of the controversial attributes of the American criminal justice systems is the police misuse of power (Maguire & Radosh, 1996). There are numerous instances where the police are televised using excessive and brutal force on subdued suspects. These cases of police brutality, although they are rare, are common and continue to occur now. The cases of police brutality affect the American population from all ethnic backgrounds. According to (Hall, 2015), cases of police brutality have been on the increase. For instance in 2015……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Discuss different drug-control policies. How effective have these policies been? Did they achieve their desired outcome? Did they have an unintended impact on the criminal justice system? Your response must be a minimum of 500 words. All sources used, including the textbook, must be cited and referenced as necessary. Use APA style to format your response, proofread your work, and then submit your assignment for grading in Blackboard.
LAW: CRJ 6800, Criminal Justice Policy Analysis and the Socio-Cultural System
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(Student’s Name)
Drug-Control Policies in the United States
The United States is the only country to enforce one of the fiercest drug-control policies in the world (Des Jarlais, 2015). Throughout the history of the country, numerous leaders have made many attempts to outlaw addictive drugs and put in place the laws that protect consumers and public health. As a result, many drug-control policies have been developed albeit with mixed successes.
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 The prevalence of abuse of recreational drugs in the United States in 1960s saw the enactment of Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 by the Congress. The laws that existed prior to this…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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