There are no school leaders that are exempt from dealing with emergency issues in their schools. Emergencies can happen at any time and they can be caused either naturally or by humans. Recent issues have involved school shootings, tornadoes, floods, and medical outbreaks. A forward-thinking school leader is cognizant of these and other potential issues and prepared to deal with them by making quick and accurate decisions.
Directions:
For this assignment, imagine that you are on your school districts Emergency Management committee. You have been asked to research emergency management for K-12 systems as well as examine federal, state, and local emergency management requirements/systems and submit your findings to the committee. The chair of the committee has asked you to write a 3 to 4 page (not including cover or reference page) proposal describing the different systems you found and the impact they had or will have on the school systems as well as what would be your recommendations to make your school district, students, teachers, and staff safer.
The essay should:
Describe the different Emergency Management systems. Summarize local, state and federal emergency management requirements. Address the impact different systems had or will have on the school system. Discuss your recommendations of K-12 Emergency Management to the committee.
Use APA Style for formatting, citations, and references.
What is a stroke? A stroke is a medical emergency in which the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced. When a blood vessel carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain is either blocked by a clot or breaks, a stroke occurs (or ruptures). When this happens, a section of the brain lacks the blood (and oxygen) it requires, which can lead to cell death. Brain ischemia symptoms can be transitory, lasting seconds to minutes, or they can endure for hours or days (MedLinePlus, 2021). If the brain is irreparably harmed and infarction occurs, symptoms and indicators will last indefinitely. Unfortunately, neurologic symptoms do not correctly represent the existence or absence of infarction, and the speed with which symptoms manifest does not identify the exact area of ischemia. This is a major issue since correct diagnosis of the symptoms is essential for effective treatment.
According to Kaiser Stroke Comprehensive Center in Sacramento (Kaiser, 2022): “Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the primary cause of adult disability. Up to 80 percent of strokes are preventable.”
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Epidemiology
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States
Every year 600,000 people will suffer a new or recurrent stroke, and of those, 160,000 die.
Non-modifiable risk factors
A stroke can happen to anyone. You have no control over some risk factors. Others are linked to medical conditions and/or lifestyle choices.
Risk factors that you cannot control are:
Age: The risk for stroke increases with age and doubles every decade after 55.
Race: African Americans and Hispanics are at greater risk of stroke compared to other races. Young African Americans are 2 to 3 times more likely to experience ischemic stroke and are more likely to die from stroke compared to Caucasians.
Gender: Stroke is more common in men than women. However, stroke is more severe in women at all ages, and more women than men die of stroke.
Family history: You’re at greater risk for stroke if you have a parent or sibling who has had a heart attack or stroke.
Prior history of stroke or TIA: About 14 percent of people who have a stroke have another one within 1 year; 25 percent have a second stroke within 5 years.
(CDC, 2021)
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Risk Factors
Risk factors you can control are (Kaiser, 2022) (CDC, 2022):
Hypertension
Diabetes
High cholesterol
Obesity
Smoking
Carotid artery disease
Atrial fibrillation: This is a type of irregular heart rhythm in which blood clots form inside the heart. Clots can get stuck in the brain’s blood arteries.
Sleep apnea (sleep-related breathing disorder) has recently been linked to increasing risk of stroke.
Other heart conditions, including endocarditis, heart valve conditions, and cardiomyopathy
Other rarer disease and conditions such as lupus, syphilis, hemophilia, pneumonia, high levels of homocysteine, and periodontal disease
Birth control pills: Because their risk of stroke is very low, young healthy women (less than 35 years old, nonsmoking, and without high blood pressure) can utilize hormonal birth control. We recommend using the lowest dose of hormonal birth control if you’re older, smoke, or have hypertension. You could also use a nonhormonal birth control option such as condoms or an intrauterine device (IUD).
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Symptoms
The prognosis of a patient will be better if they can get a diagnosis and treatment for a stroke as soon as possible. As a result, it’s critical to learn and recognize the signs and symptoms of a stroke.
Symptoms of a stroke include (Ellis, 2018):
dizziness and trouble walking
loss of coordination and balance
difficulties communicating or understanding what others are saying
numbness or paralysis in the face, leg, or arm on only one side of the body, most frequently on one side of the body distorted or clouded vision
a severe headache, especially when nausea, vomiting, or disorientation accompany it
The symptoms of a stroke vary based on the person and the location of the stroke in the brain. Even if the symptoms aren’t severe, they usually develop suddenly and can get worse with time.
Depending on the kind, severity, location, and number of strokes, the effects differ from person to person. The brain is a complicated organ. Each part of the brain is in charge of a certain function or skill. When a section of the brain is destroyed by a stroke, it is possible that a component of the body will lose its usual function. This could lead to a handicap.
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Anatomy & Physiology
One of several pathophysiologic processes involving the blood arteries of the brain causes cerebrovascular disease (Caplan, 2021), they are: atherosclerosis, lipohyalinosis, inflammation, amyloid deposition, arterial dissection, developmental deformity, aneurysmal dilation, and/or venous thrombosis. Those mentioned are all processes that are inherent to the vessel. The process can start from afar, for example when an embolus from the heart or extracranial circulation lodges in an intracranial channel. Inadequate cerebral blood flow due to decreased perfusion pressure or increased blood viscosity may also cause ischemia. The rupture of a vessel in the subarachnoid space or intracerebral tissue may cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
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Types of Strokes
Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures. Blood can then seep into the brain, killing brain cells. They can result from many conditions that affect your blood vessels. Symptoms develop out of nowhere. Severe headaches, nausea, and vomiting are possible symptoms.
Types of hemorrhagic stroke:
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: When a blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the space between the brain and the skull, it is known as a SAH. A burst aneurysm induced by elevated blood pressure is the most common cause. An aneurysm is a blood-filled pouch that forms on the inside of an arterial wall and swells outward. It is an artery on or near the surface of the brain , bursts and spill into the space between the surface of the brain and the skull.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: When a blood artery in the brain spills into the tissue, it is known as an ICH. The main reasons are high blood pressure and aging blood vessels. This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and spills into the surrounding brain tissue, damaging brain cells.
When a blood clot stops an artery for a brief period of time, it is known as a transient ischemic attack also known as a “ministroke.” This is when there is a temporary decrease in blood supply to part of the brain. The symptoms are similar to those of a stroke, but they last only a few minutes to hours, and there is no permanent brain damage. Having a TIA raises your chances of having a stroke.
(Kaiser, 2022)
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Hemorrhagic Stroke
Thrombotic Stroke
Embolic Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
TIA
Ischemic Stroke
Types of Strokes
Ischemic strokes are caused by a shortage of blood supply to a portion of the brain (American Stroke Association, n.d.). It’s caused by blood arteries in the brain becoming narrowed or clogged, cutting off blood flow:
• Ischemic strokes account for roughly 87 percent of all strokes.
• Symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually worsen over time.
• Loss of strength or sensation on one side of the body, trouble speaking, or changes in vision or balance are all possible symptoms of a TIA, which can occur before an ischemic stroke..
• Low blood flow results in systemic hypoperfusion.
When the heart stops working, not enough blood reaches the brain. A heart attack can lead to a stroke in this way.
The cause of up to 40% of ischemic strokes is unknown.
Ischemic Strokes are classified as follows:
• Thrombotic strokes are caused by a blood clot (thrombus) in a cerebral artery. The clot prevents blood from flowing to a portion of the brain. Typically, blood clots occur in arteries that have been injured by plaque build-up (atherosclerosis).
• Embolic strokes are caused by a blood clot that has moved around in the heart (embolus). Clots travel through the bloodstream and obstruct a blood artery in or near the brain.
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Treatment
Treatment of the stroke depends on what kind of stroke you have had. If it is an ischemic stroke it is imperative that they get medical help as soon as possible. The instant emergency medical services (EMS) arrives to transport you to the hospital; your stroke treatment begins. You may receive emergency care, treatment to prevent another stroke, rehabilitation to treat stroke-related side effects, or all three after you arrive at the hospital (CDC, 2021). Stroke is a life-threatening condition. If you arrive within 4.5 hours of when you were last normal you can receive Alteplase (Vega, 2022).Your medical team in the emergency room will (Kaiser, 2022):
Examine you to determine the extent of the stroke and its consequences.
Examine your medical history and inquire about your symptoms. If you are unable to communicate, we will contact a family member or friend on your behalf.
Testing such as blood tests, an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG), and a CT (computed tomography) scan are performed. Other tests may be performed, such as an MRI, cerebral angiography, carotid ultrasonography (carotid doppler or duplex ultrasound), and/or an echocardiography (heart ultrasound).
tPA increases the likelihood of a stroke recovery. Individuals with ischemic strokes who receive tPA are more likely to fully recover or have less disability than patients who do not receive the medication, according to studies. Patients who get tPA are also less likely to require long-term nursing home care. Many stroke sufferers, unfortunately, do not arrive at the hospital in time for tPA treatment. This is why it’s critical to detect the signs and symptoms of a stroke as soon as possible.
For those who are past the 4.5 hours mark, but within 24 hours may be considered for treatment. They would have a procedure done through Interventional radiology. This is where they go through the femoral artery and retrieve the clot.
Carotid Artery Surgery (Endarterectomy) (Kaiser, 2022) may be used to help prevent a stroke. A vascular surgeon removes plaque (fatty deposits) from the carotid arteries in your neck during a carotid endarterectomy. The blood supply to your brain is provided by these arteries. The surgery’s timing will be determined by a number of factors, including:
The severity of the brain injury
your general well-being.
Craniotomy is used when the hemorrhage is so big that it puts pressure on the brain, causing a shift, which lead to deterioration. Removing part of the skull allows for swelling.
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Alteplase
Injected into vein in arm
Given 4.5 hours after onset of symptoms
Dissolves the blood clot and restores blood flow
Intervention Radiology
Retrieves the clot
Opens the artery to resore blood flow
Can be done up to 24 hours after onset of symptoms
Carotid endarterectomy
Incision in neck
Open crotid artery
Remove fatty acids
Craniotomy
Small section of skull is cut away
Remove blood clot/repair burst in blood vessel
Prevention
It is important for both the patient and family members know that prevention is number one. Knowing your blood pressure, taking Statins to control hypercholesterolemia, quit smoking and taking anticlotting agents are things everyone can work on to help prevent future strokes.
Individuals who have had a stroke may have any of the following symptoms (Baptist Health, n.d.):
Problems with bladder and bowel function are typical among stroke survivors, but they can be upsetting. Urinary incontinence and retention, constipation, and bowel incontinence can all complicate “going to the bathroom” after a stroke.
Stroke patients may find it difficult to cope with a barrage of emotions. Some emotions are natural reactions to life changes following a stroke. They should be encouraged to seek help if they are suffering from sadness, anxiety, or overwhelming emotions.
After a stroke, one of the most prevalent complaints is exhaustion. Fatigue affects between 30 percent to 70 percent of survivors, which can be frustrating and hinder recovery.
Communication difficulties are one of the most typical issues following a stroke. Individuals may stutter, slur, or not be able to find their words at all. Stroke survivors and their families may experience distress and frustration as a result of this.
Strokes can range in severity from minor to severe, with a variety of limitations in between. Stroke survivors can find a variety of tools, including in-person and online Stroke Support Group meetings, to help them manage with their new limitations.
Professionals are expected to provide help and associated care information to family caregivers throughout the course of the disease (Pei-Chun Tsai, 2015). In order to comprehend difficulties from the caregivers’ perspective, health care practitioners must assess the requirements of family caregivers. Family caregivers should be given relevant information and counseling to assist them get the aid they need when they need it.
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Control high blood pressure
Lower cholesterol
Quit smoking
Control diabetes
Maintain a healthy weight
Exercise
Manage stress
Eat a healthy diet
Avoid illicit drugs
Summary
Stroke is sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen
Stroke is caused by blockage of blood flow/rupture of artery to the brain
Symptoms: weakness/paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with balance, speaking, and swallowing
Clot-busting drugs like TPA can be used to reverse a stroke
Prevention – minimizing risk factors
A stroke is known medically as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA). A stroke occurs when blood flow to a portion of your brain is interrupted by a blockage or a blood vessel rupture. Everyone should be educated and aware of the signs and symptoms of a stroke. Especially those with comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia. It is critical to seek medical help as soon as possible in order to undergo treatment that will improve the prognosis. If a stroke is not treated promptly, it can lead to lifelong brain damage. It is also important to prevent future strokes or strokes at all by controlling high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
(Kaiser, 2022)
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References
American Stroke Association. (n.d.). About Stroke. Retrieved from American Stroke Association: About Stroke
Baptist Health. (n.d.). Patient Education for Stroke. Retrieved from Baptist Health: https://www.baptist-health.com/services/stroke/patient-education-for-stroke/#:~:text=Patient%20Education%20for%20Stroke%20Learn%20more%20about%20the,or%20medically-managed%20to%20decrease%20your%20risk%20of%20stroke.
Caplan, L. R. (2021, August 3). Overview of the evaluation of stroke. Retrieved from UpToDate: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-evaluation-of-stroke?search=cva&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2
CDC. (2021, May 5). Stroke. Retrieved from CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/treatments.htm
CDC. (2021, May 5). Stroke Facts. Retrieved from CDC: https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm
CDC. (2021, August 2). Types of Stroke. Retrieved from CDC.gov: https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/types_of_stroke.htm
Ellis, M. E. (2018, September 29). Cerebrovascular Accident. Retrieved from HealthLine: https://www.healthline.com/health/cerebrovascular-accident
John Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Effects of Stroke. Retrieved from John Hopkins Medicine: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/stroke/effects-of-stroke
Kaiser. (2022). Stroke. Retrieved from Kaiser: https://mydoctor.kaiserpermanente.org/ncal/structured-content/#/Condition_Stroke.xml
MedLinePlus. (2021, October 26). Stroke. Retrieved from MedLinePlus: https://medlineplus.gov/stroke.html
Pei-Chun Tsai, P.-K. Y.-F. (2015). Needs of family caregivers of stroke patients: a longitudinal study of caregivers’ perspectives. Retrieved from NIH: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25834409/
Vega, J. (2022, February 23). How Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Works for Stroke. Retrieved from VeryWellHealth: https://www.verywellhealth.com/tissue-plasminogen-activator-tpa-3146225
The student will complete a research assignment on covering the primary components involved in emergency management recovery. The following headings will be included: recovery overview, how the recovery phase fits in the emergency management process, disaster impact and assistance, issues involved with recovery – fraud, environment, historic, and future mitigation, challenges such as communication and coordination, decision making, transportation and logistics, special needs populations, politics, and legal concerns, risk assessment and mitigation strategies, resiliency, and future issues. The student will write at minimum a 7-full page research-oriented assignment in current APA format
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The student will complete a research assignment on covering the primary components involved in emergency management response. The following headings will be included: response overview, how the response phase fits in the emergency management process, traditional vs professional models, hazards, responders and stakeholders, human behavior, response measures, rescue-care/triage—mass fatalities management. Public information sharing, handling donations and volunteers, stress management, disaster declarations, and damage assessments. An overview of the NRF, NIMS, and ICS will be provided.
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The CERC site provides a number of templates to assist in communicating with the media. For instance, the CDC provides templates for creating news releases, sample message planning, a “first 48 hours” checklist, an “anticipated questions list” (see below) and more.
Templates and Tools|Crisis & Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) (cdc.gov)
BRIEFLY Discuss each of the Templates you examined, and the value of these for a Crisis Communication Plan that you might develop for an organization ( Texas A&M University and the Bonfire Tragedy ) — but make sure to specify the organization for which you propose to develop the Crisis Communication Plan.
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Conclude with a research or policy question for further research. Part 2 of 2 1) How does social media assist emergency management. Give examples. 2) How does social media hinder emergency management. Give examples. 3) How can emergency management officials help assist with providing relevant and detailed information about public health concerns? Conclude with a research or policy question.
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Consider the following topics. In many U.S. communities, low-income populations use the emergency room instead of going to a physician or mid-level provider’s office. They often do not pay the bill for their service, which shifts the cost of their care to other, paying patients at the hospital. This practice drives up the cost of health care, but what else can hospitals do? They have to have a certain amount of income to keep their doors open. Is this fair? What if these sick people remain untreated and infect others? Is this just? Do they deserve care so that they don’t infect others? We talk about a culture of poverty in this country. What does this mean to you? What about those people who seem to bilk or misuse the health care system? Do they deserve care? If so, who should pay for it? Shouldn’t everyone be forced to carry health insurance so that everyone has a pay source? Can we expect people to pull themselves up by their bootstraps?
To prepare for this Discussion, you will need to consider the following questions:
What does social justice mean to you? Is social justice the same as socialized medicine or even communism?
The notion of social justice is fairness so that everyone can achieve a certain level of health and wellness. After all, the Constitution guarantees everyone the right to pursue happiness. Is the health care system fair?
If you could wave a magic wand and fix the health care system, what is the first thing you would notice indicating that it had changed? Or, in your opinion, do you think it needs to be changed at all?
Post your response to this Discussion.
Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.
Notes Initial Post: This should be a 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ≤ 5 years old).
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How would you prepare for the following situation? (provide realistic examples and details for safety and survival)
(Scenario) At this moment, you are sitting at home working on your WCU class. Suddenly, the National Weather Bureau sends an alert across your cell phone—a tornado is headed your way. You have 15 minutes before touchdown in your neighborhood. What is your plan? This is a ‘shelter in place’ scenario, you cannot outrun the tornado. Identify a safe place in your home to take shelter.
You must include research. Cite and reference two sources and explain the recommended safety measures in a tornado emergency and how you would apply them to your specific living arrangements.
b. How prepared are you in the event of a disaster? Describe your level of disaster preparedness using specific examples and references to your “go-bag” and preparedness checklist assignments.
Example:“I am more prepared for a water-related disaster than a fire-related disaster even though I live in a highly secluded, forested area. I have a boat as transportation in the event of flooding, but I do not have rain barrels or fire barrier supplies on hand.”
Example: “There were many missing items on my preparedness checklist. I realized that I do not own a flashlight. If I had to use my phone as a light it would drain the battery very quickly.
c. Reflect on how prepared you were before this class and compare it with how prepared you are now.
Have you acquired any new emergency items?
Do you plan to take any additional trainings or certification courses?
Have you shared your knowledge with friends and family?
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The Yourtown Government Building Office of Emergency Management and Homeland Security will use a three-phased approach to the activation, management, and eventual deescalation of the COOP plan. (You will use the same incident/emergency you selected in Topic 3 for this assignment).
For this assignment use the Anytown example below to create a Time Phased Implementation chart for Yourtown, consistent with the type of information below.
You need to write 500-750 words in your final chart:
Phase
Time Frame
Activity
Phase I- Activation and Relocation
0-12 Hours
· List who you would want to notify (likely alternate Anytown mayor/city manager/administrator/other VIP’s) of impending activation and relocation requirements. · List how you would best notify impacted Anytown, state, and or federal agencies (use any State and U.S. model). · Discuss how to activate plans to transfer to alternate facility within Anytown. · Instruct advance team(s) to ready alternate facility. · Notify likely Anytown employees and contractors regarding activation of COOP plan and their status. · Assemble a brief list of likely Anytown of documents/equipment required to be maintained for essential functions at alternate facility. · Order likely needed equipment/supplies as reflected by the emergency you selected in Topic 3. · List where you might transport vital documents and operate communications/dispatch. · Detail how you would secure original facility. · Describe how best to continue essential functions at the Anytown Gov’t Building, if available, until alternate facility is ready. · Answer where the operations and support teams would be coming from and how they would get there. · And, how best to activate operations and support teams as necessary.
Phase II- Alternate Facility/Work Site Operations
12 Hours to Termination of Emergency
· Provide guidance to Anytown contingency team personnel and information to the public. · Identify likely replacements for missing personnel (delegation of authority and orders of succession). · Explain how to commence full execution of operations supporting essential functions at the alternate facility.
There is a demonstrated need for research within the fire and emergency services field. If your organization ever intends to apply for grant funding, will purchase a new piece of equipment, or needs to justify a new fire station or additional personnel, objective data will be required to justify that need.
This assignment will task you with identifying the difference between the three major research approaches that you learned about in this unit: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Briefly identify each of the three approaches and explain how to distinguish them from each other. Finally, discuss how each of these three approaches could be used to study current problems (topics) that modern fire and emergency services organizations face today.
Cite a minimum of two outside credible sources to support your assertions, being sure to use APA format and citation guidelines
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