Question: During the 1800’s, the British and Russian Empires vied for control of central Asia. This often resulted in acts of outright conflict. While this ‘war’ was undeclared, it was referred to as the “Great Game.” Do you believe that we are already in a Cyber War? Whether you answer yes or no, please reflect upon what that means for intelligence efforts and national security
1. Name 1 thing that you learned about the Medieval Empires of the Western and Central Sudan . Ask a follow up question about it. In other words, what more do you want to know about what you learned?
2. Name 1 thing that you learned about Dogon, Hausa, Fulani OR Senufo people.
Requirements:
· Use at least two different readings to complete this assignment.
· Include the name of the article in your response
· You can write in full sentences or bullet points.
Medieval West Africa
When the Portuguese first explored the West African coastline in 1460 (Links to an external site.), the cultures of African societies were highly evolved and had been so for centuries. In the millennium preceding Portuguese exploration, three large centers of medieval African civilization developed sequentially along the west coast of sub-Saharan Africa. (See Figure 1-3)
The first polity that is known to have gained prominence was Ancient Ghana, also known as Wagadou. Between 500 AD–1250 AD, Ancient Ghana flourished in the southern Sahel (Links to an external site.) north of the middle Niger and middle Senegal Rivers. Ancient Ghana had a civil service, strong monarchy based on a matrilineal system of inheritance, a cabinet, an army, an effective justice system and a regular source of income from trade as well as tribute from vassal kings (Boahen 1966:4–9).
As Ghana declined over the next 200 years, the ancient Mali Empire arose in the same area but descended territorially further along the Niger River. Mali encompassed a huge area stretching from the Lower Senegal and Upper Niger rivers eastward to the Niger bend and northward to the Sahel.
Its great size made Mali an even more diverse state than Ghana. The majority of the people lived in small villages and cultivated rice or sorghums and millets, while some communities specialized in herding and fishing. Trade flourished in the towns, which housed a wide array of craftspeople, along with a growing number of Islamic teachers and holy men. The main commercial centers were its capitals Niani, Timbuktu, and Gao.
Mansa Musa is the most remembered of the kings of Mali. During Musa’s reign 1307–1337, Mali’s boundaries were extended to their farthest limits. There were fourteen provinces ruled by governors or emirs who were usually famous generals. Berber provinces were governed by their own sheiks . They all paid tribute to Musa in gold, horses and clothes. Musa instituted national honors for his provincial administrators to encourage devoted service. He ruled impartially with a great sense of justice. To help in this work he had judges, scribes and civil servants. Musa established diplomatic relationships with other African states, especially Morocco, with whom he exchanged ambassadors.
Mansa Musa is probably best known as the ruler who firmly established the Islamic religion in Mali along with peace, order, trade and commerce. Mansa Musa started the practice of sending students to Morocco for studies and he laid the foundation for what later became the city of Timbuktu, the commercial and educational center of the western Sudan (Boahen 1966:17–22).
Present day Mande people trace their ancestry back to the great 13th century. Learn more about what archeology has uncovered in Jeno-Jenne about the past of the Mande people (Links to an external site.), Africans who helped settle America during their enslavement in the 17th and 18th centuries (Hall 1992:45).
Around 1375, Gao, a small tributary state of Mali, broke away under the leadership of Sunni Ali and thus began the rise of the Songhai Empire. Over the next 28 years, Sunni Ali converted the small kingdom of Gao into the huge empire of Songhai. Songhai encompassed the geographic area of ancient Ghana and Mali combined and extended into the region of the Hausa states of ancient and contemporary northwest Nigeria.
Mandinka, Wolof, Bamana, (also called Bambara) peoples, and others lived in the western reaches of the Songhai in the Senegambia area. Hausa and Fulani (also known as Fula and Fulbe) and people lived in the region that is now northwest Nigeria. All of these cultures still exist.
Islamic scholars and African oral traditions document that all of these states had centralized governments, long distance trade routes, and educational systems. Between the 13th and 17th centuries Mande and Mande-related warriors established the dominance of Mande culture in the Senegambia geographical region. Throughout the West African savanna where people migrated in advance of the Mande warriors, people spoke mutually intelligible Mandekan languages, and had a strong oral history tradition. In the 18th century people of the Mande culture were highly represented among those enslaved in the French Louisiana colony in North America (Hall 1992).
By the time Portugal and Spain embarked on exploration and conquest of the Western Hemisphere in the late 15th century, Mohammed Askia I ruled over Songhai. Askia completed Mansa Musa’s project to create a great center of learning, culminating with the establishment of the Sankore University in Timbuktu. Sankore teachers and students were from all over sub-Saharan Africa and from the Arabic nations to the east. Leo Africanus, an eyewitness described Sankore University thus:
“[H]ere are great stores of doctors, judges, priests and other learned men that are bountifully maintained at the King’s (Muhammad Askia) costs and charges ([1600] 1896).”
Leo Africanus was born, El Hasan ben Muhammed el-Wazzan-ez-Zayyati in the city of Granada in 1485, but was expelled along with his parents and thousands of other Muslims by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492. Settling in Morocco, he studied in Fez and as a teenager accompanied his uncle on diplomatic missions throughout North Africa. During these travels, he visited Timbuktu.
As a young man he was captured by pirates and presented as an exceptionally learned slave to the great Renaissance pope, Leo X. Leo who freed him, baptized him under the name “Johannis Leo de Medici,” and commissioned him to write in Italian a detailed survey of Africa. His accounts provided most of what Europeans knew about the continent for the next several centuries.
Mali Empire: Sundiata Keita and Mansa Musa (2 videos, 30 mins)
The epic genre (fasa) of the Mande griots (jeliw) is a vibrant and celebrated example of a living oral epic tradition on the African continent. Griots tell the life story of Sunjata Keita (sometimes called Sundiata Keita), the prince who founded Mali, West Africa’s greatest empire almost 800 years ago. This story has been passed down for generations through song, spoken recitation, and musical accompaniment on traditional Mande griot instruments like the 22-key balafon. Most performances focus on only one or two episodes of Sunjata’s life; it is rare for the whole story to be performed on one occasion. This special performance by two master musicians from Mali, Hawa Kassé Mady Diabaté and Fodé Lassana Diabaté. Professor Chérif Keita from Carleton College provides a poetic translation of the story during the traditional performance. It was commissioned by the Singing Storytellers Symposium and performed in October 2014 at the Boardmore Playhouse, Cape Breton University in Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada. Professor Keita, himself a descendant of Sunjata, collaborated with the two hereditary musicians and also with ethnomusicologist Dr Lucy Duran (SOAS, University of London) for this unique cultural exchange.
You may have heard of Mansa Musa, who is said to have been the richest man in all human history EVER. He was the grand nephew of Sunjata Keita (here called Sunjata Keita). As a Muslim, he decided to make the pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca. When he stopped in Egypt, he gave away so much gold that the price of gold went down and would not recover for several years. In the Crash Course History video below, we learn about this remarkable man.
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