Write annotated bibliography with an executive summary (5 pages) about road safety and car crashes relevant to the project objectives below.
Note: The submission must be a single Microsoft Word document (.docx) of not more than 5 pages (1 page for executive summary, and 4 pages for the annotated bibliography). The title page and table of contents are not required.
In this exercise, you are required to produce a piece of Annotated Bibliography with an Executive Summary for the client. The piece should inform the client of the current state of research relating to given the project objective:
Project objectives
The client is requesting data-driven, actionable insights into:
1. Various contributing factors to road safety and crashes.
2. Driver behaviours in relation to known road crashes.
Annotated bibliography
Search and compile sources relevant to the project objective. You are required to select exactly 3 primary sources as the subjects of the annotation. Prioritise high-quality, peer-reviewed sources.
For each source, produce your annotated bibliography. The annotated bibliography for each source should not exceed 1 page. It should include but not be limited to the details below.
the full bibliographic details of the source.
the main idea and finding presented in the source.
your own commentary about the finding in relation to the project objective
Finally, the annotated bibliography should include a section that describes in detail the search methodology used for locating and selecting the bibliographic sources above. These should not exceed 1 page.
Executive summary
Write a 1-page executive summary that gives the client quick access to the findings in your annotated bibliography. Place the executive summary before the annotated bibliography
Reply each thread required to create a minimum 200-word.You must support each reply with at least 2 sources (with 1 being the textbook), per reply, in current APA format.
The study of Human Factors and the compilation of The Dirty Dozen do not corelate. Each of the Dirty Dozen point directly at the Technician as the “Fault” in the system. It is for this reason that I believe the Dirty Dozen is an outdated Human Factors resource. The FAA’s compilation was good for it’s time and had an impact that led us to a more holistic approach to Human Factors. “While many people assume that human factors in maintenance refers to the actions of mechanics, the MRM program admits to several major areas where maintenance errors can occur. These areas are (a) equipment design and manufacture; (b) manufacturers’ documentation and procedure writing; (c) airline procedures and work areas; and (d) mechanic training and performance.” Kinnison, H. A., & Siddiqui, T. (2013). Sidney Dekker is one of the most recognized scholars on the topic of Human Factors, in most of his writing and lectures he reasons that the human error is not the ending point or conclusion of an error, it’s the place you begin the investigation. “Although most in aviation human factors embrace this view in principle, practice often leads us to the old view of human error which sees human error as the chief threat to system safety. I discuss two practices by which we quickly regress into the old view and disinherit Fitts and Jones: (1) the punishment of individuals, and (2) error classification systems.” (Dekker, 2019)
Lack of Resources
“Not having enough people, equipment, documentation, time, parts, etc., to complete a task. Improve supply and support— • Order parts before they are required. • Have a plan for pooling or loaning parts.” (FAA, 2012) Because the focus here is on the technician making a “mistake” the common perception is that this is the technician’s fault. The Lack of Resources is most likely the outcome of a broken management structure that is responsible for equipment, tech data and parts readiness as we have learned about in our textbook. “How maintenance people perform is only part of the problem; the facilities in which they work, the equipment they encounter, and the forms, processes and procedures they use are all subject to human actions and, therefore, to human error. And the errors are not always due to the mechanic.” Kinnison, H. A., & Siddiqui, T. (2013).
Lack of Knowledge
“Shortage of the training, information, and/or ability to successfully perform. Don’t guess, know— • Use current manuals. • Ask when you don’t know. • Participate in training.” (FAA, 2012) In some instances mechanics simply should not perform the task due to the lack of knowledge. It is a well-known fact that one of the least valued departments in an operation is training. Even at the job I currently have at a Part 147 School no formal training has been done for over 2 years. This has been the trend I have seen across the industry even when I was the Maintenance Training Manager of a Part 135 Operation, the training budget was the first to suffer in a down turn and when we were busy training ceased due to workload. “For any problem or condition that cannot be accommodated by the first two rules above or one that is limited due to various constraints, such as design limits, trade-offs, or budget requirements as discussed in Chap. 1 of this book, the designers must provide the users, operators, and mechanics—as well as other human elements involved—with sufficient education and training on the system to resolve any human factors– related problems that could arise from improper understanding of the design.” Kinnison, H. A., & Siddiqui, T. (2013).
Norms
“Expected, yet unwritten, rules of behavior. Help maintain a positive environment with your good attitude and work habits— • Existing norms don’t make procedures right. • Follow good safety procedures. • Identify and eliminate negative norms.” (FAA, 2012) This is truly a place that needs to be focused on more, from the aspect of the technician. From a technician’s standpoint many of the “Dirty Dozen” Human Factors are not directly related to daily tasks, but “Norms” are a direct outcome of the work environment.
As far as Aviation Maintenance goes Human Factors and The Dirty Dozen are attributed to the whole team, starting with aircraft, tolling and facility design, management structures including the CEO through non- certificated technicians. Often times the Dirty Dozen comes off as a blame the technician as the end user, while the wholistic view sees human error as a symptom. “The two ways of looking at human error are that we can see human error as a cause of failure, or we can see human error as a symptom of failure.” Woods et al., (1994) Philippians 2:4 is a good verse that encompasses Human Factors as it moves a person to view another person’s value. “Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.” Barker, K. (1973).
Thread 2
Being in the aircraft maintenance business means we are in the safety business as everything we do is based on a foundation of safety and it shows. Nonetheless, human errors are inevitable, and certain circumstances make them especially likely. Human error has been documented as a primary contributor to more than 80 percent of maintenance errors involving human factors (Administration et al., 2012). In my experience over the last 25 years in a FAR 121 operation fatigue, complacency, and distraction are three human factors that are the greatest threat to our craft.
Fatigue
When employees are exhausted mentally or physically their work performance will suffer. The most prevalent maintenance human factor is fatigue. As a technician, we are subjected to many different work schedule options. Aircraft typically fly during the day and get serviced on overnight visits. This requires individuals to work long hours and stay up overnight which will lead to fatigue. Another scheduling factor that will lead to fatigue is technicians are only required 24-hour time off in a seven-day work week. Despite the regulations limiting a technician’s time off he or she may work one shift preference or may have monetary motives, fatigue will not be prevented. When an individual is affected by a lack of proper sleep your ability to make decisions, be alert, and stay focused will be impacted. (Administration et al., 2012). In our craft this is unavoidable, I personally have experienced fatigue working overnight shifts for several years and countless amounts of overtime. This was all I was able to hold as a new technician and when you are starting a family as I was overtime opportunities were available on and off shifts. I remember taking field trips and working on CFM56 start issues in Des Moines Iowa for those extra time and a half hours to put a decent down payment on my first house. I burnt myself out and it didn’t matter how much sleep I received I still was tired. To mitigate these risks, we need to regulate work shifts, exercise daily, eat balanced meals and most importantly get an adequate good night of sleep so our bodies can recharge. There is no way we can ultimately win the fight with fatigue. The longer you stay awake, the more your performance will degrade until your body finally decides it has had enough and simply shuts down. Even though we can’t beat fatigue, there are some strategies that we can use to more effectively balance the demands of modern life with our body’s need for sleep.
Distractions
A fatigued person may be easily distracted or maybe nearly impossible to distract. Distractions occur when anything other than the task at hand vies for your attention and make you more likely to forget things and lose track of your workflow. When we are working on any task, our mind has a natural tendency to think ahead. This is normal and not a bad trait until we are distracted. It is also the number one reason why we forget things and when returning to the task we can easily think we are further than we actually are. In today’s world, there are many distractions that are around us and we are constantly trying to do multiple things at once. I for one have been working remotely and face daily distractions with household items as simple as putting dishes away, popping in a load of laundry, and even tending to the family pet. These distractions lead to errors in my documentation which can lead to providing technicians with improper procedures. Regardless of their nature, numerous distractions may occur during the course of maintaining an aircraft. We must recognize that our attention is being diverted and remove the distractions and refocus to assure our work is correct. (Administration et al., 2012). Distractions can be prevented by following policies and procedures, identifying and limiting interruptions, and taking a few steps back to ensure that all elements are working properly. Having a checklist and being aware of our surroundings will help us prioritize and fully concentrate on one thing and do it well, rather than multiple tasks and do poorly at them.
Complacency
Another unfortunate example of these threats in aviation is complacency. As noted in an article written by (Tolleson, 2007) “Complacency is alive and well today as experienced by pilots who take off on the wrong runways, inspectors who pencil whip, and mechanics who don’t use the checklists and current technical data.” When people perform the same tasks routinely, they may become over-confident, thinking the work is too easy. Consequently, they become less vigilant about checking for mistakes. A general relaxation of vigilance typically results and important signals will be missed, with the individual only seeing what he, or she, expects to see. We should always expect to find errors whether being a mechanic or inspector or a pilot who flies in and out of the same airport knowing which runway to use. As a technician, I was taxi & run qualified on the majority of our fleet. When moving any aircraft, we always wrote down and read back the instruction from air traffic control and adhered to procedures. Making a checklist and following procedures will increase our vigilance when performing a routine task. Also, being overconfident can be a trap that can lead to an accident, damages, and employee injuries. Overconfidence leads us to believe that nothing is wrong and consequently we fail to identify a potential safety issue. To combat complacency, we need to follow established policy and procedures, and use a checklist when completing tasks whether routine or not. Finally, lean on a teammate to cross-check your work, I continue to this day to ask colleagues to review and bounce ideas off of projects that I am working on. There are some good tools that we have in place to combat this threat, we just need to be vigilant and use them.
I picked these three treats of the dirty dozen because to me they run in parallel. If you are tired you will not be at your best in an environment where multiple things are happening. This can be dangerous if you are not mentally prepared. We all have different pressures and influences in our everyday life but remaining focused and taking the time needed to ensure that the correct decision is being made and the proper procedure is being followed will get the job done right. At the end of the day ensuring a safe work environment is a duty that all workers and management share. The safety of those working around you is in your hands (Kinnison & Siddiqui 2018). Unsafe choices that you make can injure both you and your coworkers. Everyone needs to take safety seriously, or everyone is at risk.
Biblical Integration:
Peter ch5:8-9 reminds us to “Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Resist him, standing firm in the faith, because you know that the family of believers throughout the world is undergoing the same kind of sufferings.” With human factors in aviation, we have to always be alert and prepared to resist deviation from policy and procedure to stay on task
Develop an instructional brochure on the nutritional aspects of the disorders below:
Type 2 Diabetes
Include in your brochure all points below:
Explanation of the pathophysiology of the disorder. Provide 4 risk factors OR 4 symptoms of the disorder.
Two common medications used for the disorder. Explain how medications work to treat the disorder. Include 3 nutritional considerations for each medication.
Identify an evidence-based diet to prevent or reduce the incidence of the disorder.
Include at least 3 specific foods that should be included in the diet, provide rational for why foods should be included in the diet for this disease process.
Include at least 3 specific foods that should be avoided in the diet, provide rational for why the foods should be excluded from the diet for disease process.
Examples of Evidence-based diets:
Dash diet
Mediterranean diet
Low carb diet
Low sodium diet
Low fat diet
Modified fiber and bland diet
Protein restricted
High protein diet
Include the information for at least 2 patient resources. One resource on the evidence-based diet and 1 resource on the disorder. Include name of organization and URL for the citation.
Include images or clipart to support your information. Trifold brochure should look professional.
Include at least 2 evidence-based references (less than 5 years old) included in your brochure to support your information. Proper use of in-text citations and references in APA Style
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We have learned that when the cell loses control of cellular division, cancer can be the result. We know that there are several risk factors for cancer. In this discussion, describe which of those risk factors are significant for you? What steps could you take could reduce that risk? Have you learned about a risk factor that you weren’t aware of?
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Genetic/Genomic factors are known to contribute to variability of pharmacologic responses in some patients. How does the variability of response result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? Explain, Support your rationale with a minimum of two scholarly sources no greater than 3 years. Minimum of 350 words
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Genomic factors are known to contribute to variability of pharmacologic responses in some patients
Genetic/Genomic factors are known to contribute to variability of pharmacologic responses in some patients. How does the variability of response result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? Explain, Support your rationale with a minimum of two scholarly sources no greater than 3 years. Minimum of 350 words
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Genomic factors are known to contribute to variability of pharmacologic responses in some patients
The Public Health Field that I am addressing is community health.
1. The Topic is Factors That Are Associated with Depression among Pre-School Children in Memphis, Tennessee
Research Question(s)
The current qualitative research study will be guided by the following four research questions:
1. What are the main causes of depressive symptoms among pre-school children in Memphis?
2. What effects do depressive symptoms have on the performance and general health of the pre-school children in the area?
You will use this writing for your week 8 proposal.
Part One: Write out research question(s), research objective(s), and hypothesis(es) for each research question (include null hypothesis for each). Give brief overview of study design including theory/model and briefly what methods you will use (ex. systematic literature review or meta-analysis, cohort study, qualitative survey/interview, etc.) (full methods will be submitted in week 8).
Part Two: Literature Review. Before you begin, read “Research and writing the literature review” attached document. Use the APUS library to search for full-text articles. Find at least four (4) primary (not reviews) research studies that are directly relevant to your research question. Complete the attached article summary table for all four articles (more if you would like). After completing the table, review the “Worked Example of a Literature Review” document attached. Choose at least three (3), but more is fine, to write your literature review section. You will write a complete Literature Review section for submission.
Submit both the article summary table and a separate document with Part One and Literature Review section. Submission should be in APA formatting.
Grading will be based on your ability to write and conduct proper research on the topic of your choice.
Please note that a final version of your research proposal will be due by week 8 of class. Please see the week 8 assignment directions in order to become familiar with the final requirements and continue to work on your research proposal throughout the course.
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This week you will begin to write your research proposal by writing developing your research question, objectives, and hypotheses and your literature review.
The Public Health Field that I am addressing is community health.
1. The Topic is Factors That Are Associated with Depression among Pre-School Children in Memphis, Tennessee
Research Question(s)
The current qualitative research study will be guided by the following four research questions:
1. What are the main causes of depressive symptoms among pre-school children in Memphis?
2. What effects do depressive symptoms have on the performance and general health of the pre-school children in the area?
You will use this writing for your week 8 proposal.
Part One: Write out research question(s), research objective(s), and hypothesis(es) for each research question (include null hypothesis for each). Give brief overview of study design including theory/model and briefly what methods you will use (ex. systematic literature review or meta-analysis, cohort study, qualitative survey/interview, etc.) (full methods will be submitted in week 8).
Part Two: Literature Review. Before you begin, read “Research and writing the literature review” attached document. Use the APUS library to search for full-text articles. Find at least four (4) primary (not reviews) research studies that are directly relevant to your research question. Complete the attached article summary table for all four articles (more if you would like). After completing the table, review the “Worked Example of a Literature Review” document attached. Choose at least three (3), but more is fine, to write your literature review section. You will write a complete Literature Review section for submission.
Submit both the article summary table and a separate document with Part One and Literature Review section. Submission should be in APA formatting.
Grading will be based on your ability to write and conduct proper research on the topic of your choice.
Please note that a final version of your research proposal will be due by week 8 of class. Please see the week 8 assignment directions in order to become familiar with the final requirements and continue to work on your research proposal throughout the course.
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Understanding alternating current and all the factors that affect it can be difficult. Find and share one video or article that helped you understand any of these concepts better. Write a summary of the video and why you believe your peer’s should read or watch this video.
DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
Discussions are collaborative learning experiences. Therefore, you are required to create a thread in response to the provided prompt for each discussion. Each thread must be at least 200 words and demonstrate course-related knowledge.
Here is class note:
Up until this point, we’ve really been talking about DC current flow or direct current flow. Similar to this battery on this aircraft that we have a positive and a negative. When we have a completed circuit, we’re going to have direct her and just straight current flow in one direction. Really, as electrical systems began to develop, it became evident that there’s some real disadvantages to DC current flow. One of those disadvantages was that we need to have the same current flow, the same voltage produced for the source that we’re using. So for example, if I had a 120 volt lamp, I need to produce a 120 volts in order to power that lamp. But if I have a 240 volt lamp, I need 240 volts to power that as well. So if I’m producing 240 volts, but I want to run a 120 volt lamp. I’d have to use a resistor or some other way to bleed off that access voltage in order to have the exact amount of voltage to power that lamp. Obviously this cause a lot of wasted energy, so it wasn’t very efficient in that way. One of the other disadvantages was that DC current doesn’t do well if we transmit over long distances. The longer the distance we want to carry that DC current, the more resistance it’s going to incur over that distance. So again, we have a lot of loss and waste of energy. So alternating current, AC current actually came in and solved a lot of those problems. Alternating current operates in both directions. It, it will go one direction, one polarity, and then reverse itself and the other polarity. The advantage of this and what began to happen as we began developing electronics was that we can step up or step down AC current at the source as needed. This is done through transformers, and we’ll be learning a lot about transformers this week as well. A transformer uses electromagnetic induction to, to step up or step down the voltage at the source as it’s needed. So this way we can produce a same amount of current flow, same amount of voltage in either step it up or step down at the source when we need it to get the exact same amount of current flow. The other advantage that we have is that AC current can be easily manipulated the frequency. And we’ll talk about when we get into radio theory and radar, about how a lot of that works. But it’s important as we began to really understand the differences between AC and DC current, how they work, and what applications we want to use them on so that we can become better maintainers. And whatever area that we find ourselves in
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