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Role of Mental Illness in Predicting Criminal Behavior

The Role of Mental Illness in Predicting Criminal Behavior Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course: Instructor: Date: The Role of Mental Illness in Predicting Criminal Behavior According to a study done by Perrotta (2020), a person’s propensity to do criminal acts increases with the severity of their mental condition. People with experience with the criminal justice system in the United States are more likely to develop mental illness than the general population (Perrotta, 2020). Individuals with a history of drug use are more prone to behavioral and cognitive problems and engage in criminal behavior. Research shows that, to a considerable extent, mental illness predicts violent crime, property crime, and violations of public order. Recidivism is also strongly predicted by mental illness. Those with mental illness are more prone than those who do not become victims of crime (Siennick et al., 2022). Furthermore, they are more likely to be arrested and imprisoned. Mental illness is a key predictor of victimization and criminal conduct. Mental illness is a significant public health issue. According to reports, one in every five persons in the United States has a mental illness. Mental illness is linked to a variety of negative effects, including a lower life expectancy, an increased chance of suicide, and an increased risk of victimization. Mental illness is also a significant burden on the economy, costing the United States billions of dollars each year in direct and indirect costs. Mental illness is a significant risk factor for criminal behavior. Early intervention and treatment of a mental illness are critical to preventing crime. Mental illness should be considered in all aspects of the criminal justice system, from policing and sentencing to treatment and rehabilitation. Several arguments posit that mental illness does not predict criminal behavior. These arguments typically focus on one or more of the following: 1. Mental illness is not a significant predictor of crime. 2. Mental illness is not a significant predictor of violent crime. 3. Mental illness is not a significant predictor of recidivism. 4. Victimization is not significantly predicted by mental illness. 5. The frequency of mental diseases is a minor public health problem. 6. Criminal behavior does not increase the likelihood of mental illness much. Typically, the first three reasons highlight the scarcity of evidence between mental illness and criminal behavior. After controlling for all other variables, these arguments highlight that mental illness does not significantly predict crime, violent crime, or recidivism. Argument 4 often emphasizes the shaky link between mental illness and victimization. This argument emphasizes that mental illness is not a reliable predictor of victimization or criminal behavior. Argument 5 emphasizes the paucity of evidence connecting mental illness to poor results. This argument emphasizes that a range of negative consequences, such as a reduced life expectancy, an increased chance of suicide, and an increased risk of victimization, are not always related to mental illness. Argument 6 often emphasizes the scarcity of evidence connecting mental illness to criminal conduct. This argument emphasizes that there is no true link between mental illness and criminal conduct. These are some arguments suggesting that mental illness does not predict criminal behavior. While there is some merit to these arguments, it is essential to remember that mental illness is a significant public health problem and that it is associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes (Siennick et al., 2022). Early intervention and treatment of a mental illness are critical to preventing crime. Mental illness should be considered in all aspects of the criminal justice system, from policing and sentencing to treatment and rehabilitation. Several strategies can be employed to help caregivers, patients, and families with mental illness to reduce instances of criminal arrests. 1. Early intervention and treatment of a mental illness are critical to preventing crime. Mental health interventions should be tailored to the specific needs of the individual. They should be delivered in a way that is culturally competent and responsive to the individual’s unique circumstances. 2. Mental illness should be considered in all aspects of the criminal justice system, from policing and sentencing to treatment and rehabilitation. 3. There should be increased investment in mental health services and supports, including crisis intervention services, to meet the needs of individuals with mental illness. 4. Families and caregivers should be educated about mental illness and its impact on criminal behavior. They should also be provided with support and resources to help them cope with the challenges of caring for someone with mental illness. 5. Individuals with mental illness should be treated with dignity and respect. Stigma and discrimination against mental illness must be addressed to ensure that individuals with it receive the care and treatment they need. These are just a few strategies that can be employed to help reduce the incidence of criminal arrests among individuals with mental illness. It is important to remember that each individual is unique and that not all strategies will work for everyone. It is crucial to tailor interventions and supports to the individual’s needs to be most effective. The working alliance has been shown to predict criminal behavior in those with mental illness significantly. In a study of 265 probationers with mental illness and substance abuse problems, the working alliance was found to moderate reductions in mental illness symptoms and criminal thinking (Scanlon et al., 2022). This suggests that the working alliance is an important factor to consider in treating mental illness and that it can significantly impact reducing criminal behavior. Other studies have also found a correlation between mental illness and criminal behavior. Girasek et al. (2022) found that psychiatric patients are more likely to be aggressors than the general population and that violence is more common in psychiatric settings than previously thought. This research suggests that mental illness can play a role in criminal behavior and that more attention should be paid to the mental health of those involved with the legal system. Overall, the research suggests that mental illness can be a significant factor in predicting criminal behavior. The working alliance appears to be a particularly important factor in treating mental illness and can significantly impact reducing criminal behavior. Often, a person’s mental state may be inferred from their outward actions and behavior. According to the study, a major contributor to the prevalence of mental illness in the corrections system is the erroneous diagnosis of offenders with psychiatric disorders (Lee, Yu, & Kim, 2020). The phrase “mood disorder” originates from  psychodynamic theory. Many criminals have a mental condition that manifests in various ways, including sadness, social isolation, wrath, and narcissism. Conduct disorder is also common among juvenile detainees. Children with conduct disorder have trouble paying attention and following directions (Lee, Yu, & Kim, 2020). Many young individuals struggle with mental problems, and conduct disorder is one of the most prevalent. Some youngsters with mental disorders are stigmatized and shunned by their peers because of their behavior problems (Perrotta, 2020). Children may become withdrawn and aggressive as a result of the situation. Children diagnosed with this condition often have a history of exposure to trauma (McCart et al., 2020). Some of these kids may be the result of a failed marriage. Spreading awareness about providing support and shelter for those suffering from mental health issues is crucial if the United States is to prevail in the fight against these diseases. Because of their mental condition, they may be more likely to conduct a crime that causes harm to others. Media outlets should stop characterizing mentally ill persons as “crazy” when reporting on occurrences they create. The US case demonstrates how, if untreated, mental illness may be lethal. In addition, the government should conduct a thorough background check on all applicants for a firearms license to reduce the frequency and severity of mass shootings like those that have occurred in recent decades. Patients and the county would both suffer if they were treated like criminals. References Girasek, H., Nagy, V. A., Fekete, S., Ungvari, G. S., & Gazdag, G. (2022). Prevalence and correlates of aggressive behavior in psychiatric inpatient populations. World journal of psychiatry, 12(1), 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8783168/ Lee, D., Yu, E. S., & Kim, N. H. (2020). Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma.  European journal of psychotraumatology11(1), 1704563. Full article: Resilience as a mediator in the relationship between posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among adult accident or crime victims: the moderated mediating effect of childhood trauma (tandfonline.com) McCart, M. R., Chapman, J. E., Zajac, K., & Rheingold, A. A. (2020). Community-based randomized controlled trial of psychological first aid with crime victims.  Journal of consulting and clinical psychology88(8), 681. Community-based randomized controlled trial of psychological first aid with crime victims. – PsycNET (apa.org) Perrotta, G. (2020). Pedophilia: definition, classifications, criminological and neurobiological profiles, and clinical treatments. A complete review.  Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health5(1), 019-026. Pedophilia: Definition, classifications, criminological and neurobiological profiles, and clinical treatments. A complete review (peertechzpublications.com) Scanlon, F., Hirsch, S., & Morgan, R. D. (2022). The relation between the working alliance on mental illness and criminal thinking among justice-involved people with co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 90(3), 282. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/ccp0000719 Siennick, S. E., Picon, M., Brown, J. M., & Mears, D. P. (2022). Revisiting and unpacking the mental illness and solitary confinement relationship.  Justice Quarterly39(4), 772-801. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07418825.2020.1871501

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Mental Health and Mental Illness as Influences on Human Behavior

250 words

Applied Human Behavior in the Social Environment text to read the following:

  • Chapter 20, “Mental Health and Mental Illness as Influences on Human Behavior.”
    • This chapter focuses on concept of mental health versus mental illness; proposes positive psychology and resilience as effective interventions with a focus on strengths and resources; and addresses causes of suicide and controversies surrounding suicide.

After completing the unit readings, address the following:

  • What are your thoughts about the way society treats individuals and families who have mental illness?
  • What are your thoughts about society’s perspective on mental health care?

Once you develop your ideas, discuss, from this perspective, the implications for social work practice.

Be sure to cite support for your specific points as well as using examples for emphasis

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Illness Anxiety Disorder Comprehensive Analysis

Assignment details: Illness Anxiety Disorder Comprehensive Analysis

In this assignment, please conduct a comprehensive analysis on Illness Anxiety Disorder.

Include the following in the paper:

  • Overview of the diagnosis
  • Explanation of at least one theory of etiology (causes) of the disorder
  • Explanation of the associated factors in development of the disorder (genetic, environmental, familial, lifestyle)
  • An analysis of the treatment options for clients using appropriate terminology and citations
  • Discussion of treatment options of the disorder
  • Discussion of possible options to reduce frequency or severity of symptoms
  • Evaluation of how this disorder affects the patient and those in their social community
  • Conclusion

** In keeping with the focus of this class, the emphasis of your paper should be on the pathological aspects of Illness Anxiety Disorder.

The Pathology, Diagnosis, and the DSM-5 writing assignment – 

  • Must be a minimum of five double-spaced pages (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA Style.
  • Must include a separate title page and reference page.
  • Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Please ensure the introduction paragraph ends with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of the paper.
  • Must include a minimum of two scholarly or peer-reviewed sources published within the last five years. Must cite and reference the DSM-5 as a additional source. These sources should provide evidence-based information regarding the psychological features of the disorder.
  • Must utilize academic voice

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Chronic illness impacts the life of more than just the person who was diagnosed with the illness.

DQ1 
1)  T.A   Re: Topic 5 DQ 1

Class,
Chronic illness impacts the life of more than just the person who was diagnosed with the illness. Those who suffer from asthma often have disruptive lives due to the impaired breathing. Making it difficult to enjoy activities such as sports and outdoor living, especially during times of high pollen count and when inflicted by secondhand smoke. It is common for those who experience asthma to also experience anxiety disorders (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). When a child has asthma, a parent can be overwhelmed by stress, due to the fear of an asthma attack occurring. The cost of medicine, treatments, and loss of work can become costly for those who suffer from chronic asthma. Another chronic illness is epilepsy. Those afflicted with this chronic illness can have difficulties maintain a job, because it is no uncommon for them to sustain motor and cognitive impairments (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). People with epilepsy are easily targeted with stigmas and discriminated against, which is not only morally wrong, but it can also cause a person to feel a sense of worthlessness, feeling ashamed and lonely. Many people are caught in the middle of having to be on disability or relying on a caretaker to provide extra care. This can be both costly and degrading, especially as an adult. The medical treatment of surgery and medication, both of which are very expensive can deliver the financial stress and burden on the entire support network. The emotional difficulties a patient bares often overcomes the desire to attend counseling or seek further support care (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Spinal cord injuries can be mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually debilitating. Regardless of damage, there is a lot of time and financial obligation that goes into the care and treatment of someone who has a spinal cord injury. Patients have to learn a new normal of living, which some are not able to cope with. The same is for family members and caregivers to these patients. Coming to terms their loved one will never be the same is sometimes very difficult to handle. The rehabilitation process is long, difficult, expensive, and never guaranteed (Sarafino and Smith, 2017). Quadriplegics often face health problems such as kidney infections and often kidney failure due to constant infections of the bladder. Those who suffer from being a quadriplegic are often discriminated against and live with depression. Social support can often deteriorate, leaving their support network weak and challenging. They also have challenges with relationships, finding employment, chronic pain (which can lead to addiction to meds), financial burdens, and lack of resources to allow them to live independently (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Family, friends, and caregivers must learn to adapt to the new lifestyle of their loved one. The adjustments they endure can cause stress, emotional difficulties, financial burdens due to losing work to care for the injured, and the fact the injured can no longer bring in income. Stress within the relationship can become overwhelming while recovery happens. Sometimes the inability to have sex can cause tension and stress between partners. Making sure the house is accessible for a wheelchair can be both expensive, time consuming, and stressful. Not to mention making it possible to travel becomes difficult and demands proper planning, which can also be time consuming.
The list can go on and on, such as those who suffer from diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s, and other chronic illnesses such as migraines. The entire support network endures level of stress, financial burdens, emotional difficulties, physically overwhelming, lifestyle changes that are hard to cope with, and sometimes death. When a loved one’s life chances, it affects the entire family.
Have a great week! This weeks reading material is full of informative material. (I took the weekend the read ahead. Ha!) 
Reference
Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (9thed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119299486 http://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wiley-and-sons/2016/health-psychology_biopsychosocial-interactions_9e.php

2) M.C  Re: Topic 5 DQ 1

The impact that a chronic illness can cause in the patient, caregiver, and their families can become physically and emotionally overwhelming. I’m going to speak from a very personal and close case. My husband’s granny who was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. I was able to witness how difficult it was not only for the diagnosed person (my husband grandmother), but for the caregiver and family members as well. It this case the caregiver was my mother-in-law who did a great job planning, organizing, supervising, coordinating, and attending for her own mother. This lasted a period of about ten years, from the first signs until she started to lose more and more of her cognitive function and show inability to do simple tasks and remember everyday things, up until her death when she was getting worse to the point of forgetting how to eat. In the early stages of the disease, I remember she had a lot of anger because she was brought from Guadalajara to the United States with lies and deceit, because she was already showing signs of dementia.
 The impact that this illness had in the beginning on the patient was bursts of verbal anger. She would often lash out for no reason. There wasn’t a trigger that could be pinned for the anger episodes. Afterwards in the ladder stages of the illness the impact was generally childlike behavior and attitude. She would act like a little girl and play with dolls and plush animals. There were also times when she old get sad and seem depressed.
 As far as for the caregiver, my mother-in-law, the impact of her mother’s illness was an overwhelming felling of responsibility. Even though she has 7 other siblings, no one was willing to take on such a difficult challenge. As time went by, the impact was also affecting her daily energy, as she was in her late 60s. It also affected her in her finances, for she wanted to make sure that her mother had all her needs met. It affected her emotionally as well, due to the fact that it was simply difficult to understand the illness as she witnessed her mother deteriorate as time went by. It was not an easy task not to take the insults personally and to forgo a social life.
 The family’s impact was similar to that of the caregivers, even though the time spent with the patient was not the same. When they would visit her there was a sense of frustration and sadness to see the deterioration in her health. There was also a notable preference of the patient towards the caregiver than with anyone else which impacted the family members with great sadness when they were either not recognized or simply ignored by the grandmother.

3) J.M   Re: Topic 5 DQ 1

Chronic illnesses, diseases and cancer are all detrimental to the human body, mind and spirit. Most illnesses that are not acute, take on a toll to those suffering but also their loved ones. Longterm chronic illnesses can become “normal” and loved ones can develop a sense of homeostasis with their loved ones needs and care. Chronic illness can change the dynamic of a family unit and often times the family members become caretakers and take on more responsibilities to make up for their sick family member. This can lead to resentment and if a child is taking on this role, it can change the trajectory of their own life. The patient may undergo physical pain, depression, feelings of hopelessness, guilt and changes in the the physical sense that can alter their self-esteem. Family members may be put in difficult situations where they have to make life-changing decisions on behalf of their loved one and this can be extremely stressful. Communication is vital and everybody needs a support system in these matters. The patient and the caregivers. Things like therapy, groups, and relaxation techniques are great tools to distress and help cope. 

DQ 2 

4) T.A       e: Topic 5 DQ 2

Class,
Many cancers are associated with the same lifestyle choices such as, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, and maintaining a proper body weight. Cancers such as esophageal, colon, breast, liver, ovarian, pancreas, and uterine all mention the importance of a healthy lifestyle to reduce your risk (Liebman, 2019). Maintaining a proper healthy weight has the ability to reduce the stress on your heart and give your body overall health. Exercise is a great way to reduce stress and providing the body with oxygen-rich blood supply, and means of keeping your body active. Eating healthy foods gives your body all the nutrition to build healthy cells and repair the body when injured or sick. It also allows the body to build a strong immune system to fight bacteria and illnesses when you do get sick. Choosing not to smoke and staying away from secondhand smoke can reduce your chances of heart damage, as well as lung damage. The carcinogens found in cigarettes are known to be deadly to the body. Limiting alcohol can reduce your risk of cancers as well. The damage to kidneys and liver can occur causing cirrhosis, cancers and even death. We cannot stop from aging, which is a factor for many cancers such as prostate, breast, colon, and esophageal, but we can make better choices on how we live. Being proactive in our health can prevent cancers or perhaps get early diagnosis, so we have a better chance of survival after diagnosis. Our environment we live in also plays a factor in getting cancer. Working in a mining industry, rubber manufacturing building, Agriculture and forestry careers, or those who are exposed to carcinogens such as formaldehyde, arsenic, or carbon monoxide. People who have higher exposure to the suns UV light are also at higher risk, such as pilots and lifeguards. 
Having a family history of some cancers cause family members to be at higher risk of being diagnosed, such as colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas, and prostate cancers (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). There are also some people who are born with mutations of the genes. It is possible that a mutation of the gene can make that gene stop working, and cause cancer. Again, living a healthy lifestyle and having a relationship with a primary doctor can reduce your chances of cancer, or could increase your risk of survival if you do get cancer (Karavasiloglou, Pestoni, Wanner, Faeh, & Rohrmann, (2019). Those who were diagnosed with cancer and maintained a healthy weight, maintained an exercise regiment, and ate a well-balanced diet had a less chance of mortality over those who did not life a healthy lifestyle with cancer (Karavasiloglou, Pestoni, Wanner, Faeh, & Rohrmann, (2019). Even if your family has a history of cancer, there are many ways to prevent it. Avoid risky behaviors, get regular care from a physician, eat a well-balanced diet (reduce red meat intake), stay away from tobaccos, be active and maintain a healthy weight.
Tracy
References
Karavasiloglou, N., Pestoni, G., Wanner, M., Faeh, D., & Rohrmann, S. (2019). Healthy lifestyle is inversely associated with mortality in cancer survivors: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). PLoS ONE, 14(6), 1–11.https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218048
LIEBMAN, B. (2019). HOW TO LOWER YOUR RISK OF CANCER. (cover story). Nutrition Action Health Letter, 46(3), 3–7.
Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (9thed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119299486 http://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wiley-and-sons/2016/health-psychology_biopsychosocial-interactions_9e.php

5)  T.E     Re: Topic 5 DQ 2

Hello, Class.
Lifestyle or behavior choices associated with cancer include smoking, diet, obesity, and physical activity (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Some lifestyle choices can cause stress, which can also play a role in the development and course of cancer (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). People can prevent some cancers by having a balanced, nutritional diet, keep a healthy weight, and exercise at three to four times a week (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). If someone is smoking, completely stopping can begin to show improvement in the lungs. There are people that consider themselves sun worshippers, but too much sun can cause skin cancer. The way to prevent this type of cancer is to limit exposure to the sun’s UV rays, use a sun block with a high SPF, wear a wide-brim hat, and if possible, long sleeves and pants.
References:
Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119299486 http://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wiley-and-sons/2016/health-psychology_biopsychosocial-interactions_9e.php

6)   Missing come back later

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History of Presenting Illness (HPI):

Choose 2 psychiatric patients and complete below with each patient

Subjective:

Chief Complaint:

History of Presenting Illness (HPI):

Past Psychiatric History:

Past Medical History:

Social/Developmental History:

Allergies:

Objective:

Mental/Functional:

Mental Status Examination:

Appearance:

Orientation:

Speech/Language:

Mood:

Affect:

Thought Content:

Insight:

Judgement:

Suicidality & Homicidality:

Assessment:

DSM-V Diagnoses:

Risk Assessment:

Vital Signs:

Height/Weight/BMI:

Plan and Recommendation:

Supportive psychoeducation:

Safety Plan:

Medications:

Follow-up:

SAMPLE

SUBJECTIVE

Chief Complaint: “ I feel depressed and sad.”

History of Presenting Illness: Ashley and her mother presented for initial evaluation. She reported struggling with depression since September of 2018. She described her depression as sadness, irritability, lack of motivation and interest. She feels overwhelmed and easily agitated. She also feels anxious and panic attacks sometimes. She reported lack of appetite some times. Mother reported Ashley cries for no reason. She would tell mother that she cries for no reason. Mother got concerned about this. She then took her to the Doctor who referred her to the hospital. Ashley did well at school with report card of A’s, B’s, C’s. She also reported difficulties with attention and focus. She gets distracted easily. She struggles with completing class and home. Mother reported since she started 8th grade, Ashley has been struggling.

Past Psychiatric History: No hospitalization. She is not in therapy. She is has not been on medications. No drugs or alcohol use.

Medical History: No past medical history has been documented for this patient.

Psychiatric Family History: No family history of mental illness.

Social /Developmental History: Ashley lives with her parents and her siblings. Mother described her pregnancy as normal. She weighed about 6 pounds 6 ounces. Her developmental milestones were normal. No abuse or neglect. Ashley is going into the 8th grade in regular education.

Allergies: No known allergies

OBJECTIVE

Mental/Functional:

Normal

Mental Status Exam:

Appearance: Attire was casual; adequate hygiene and grooming

Orientation: Oriented to person, place, time, event/situation

Speech/Language: Clear; spontaneous, normal rate; normal prosody

Mood: “I feel sad and depressed”

Affect: congruent

Thought Content: No obsessions/compulsions; no evidence of perceptual disturbances

Insight: Good

Judgment: Good

Suicidality and Homicidality: Denies

ASSESSMENT

DSM-5 Diagnoses:

1) ADHD, predominantly combined type

2) Generalized anxiety disorder

3) MDD, RE, moderate

Risk Assessment: The patient denies SI/HI and/or behaviors, intent, and/or plan. Current protective and risk factors were reviewed, and the patient is not currently at clinically significant risk for suicide/homicide. The patient acknowledged understanding of emergency resources such as going to the ER or dialing 911 if experiencing suicidal/homicidal ideation.

Vitals:

Ht: 5’0”

Wt: 132lbs oz

BMI: 25.78

PLAN AND RECOMMENDATION:

1) Supportive psychoeducation completed

2) Safety plan discussed

3) Medications:

– No prescription today. Consider medications after completing the forms.

Complete Conner’s Scale provided for teachers and parents.

Complete baseline EKG

Overall treatment plan was discussed with the patient. Patient voiced understanding.

Continue to require outpatient treatment and medications.

Risks, benefits, side effects, and alternative treatments regarding prescribed medications were discussed with the patient/family. Patient expressed understanding and provided informed consent to be on aforementioned medications.

Rechecks with PCP for further evaluation and treatment of medical problems. Patient voiced understanding.

Patient was advised to immediately return to clinic, call 911, or go to the nearest ER for worsening symptoms, side effects, thoughts of harming others, or any concerns. Patient verbalized understanding.

Referrals: Psychotherapy encouraged

Next Follow-up: 4 weeks or sooner if needed

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When someone tells you they have an illness such as cancer, you probably feel empathy.

When someone tells you they have an illness such as cancer, you probably feel empathy. Would you feel the same way if someone told you they had schizophrenia or another psychological disorder? Psychological disorders are arguably some of the most misunderstood illnesses. Sometimes you may think someone has a psychological disorder because you cannot understand or trust them. Think about how Pat’s friends and co-workers might describe her differently if they knew she had a psychological disorder.

Last week, you noticed that Pat’s results on the MMPI-2 included elevated scores on the scales for paranoia and schizophrenia. Previously, she refused to discuss prior hospitalizations and health. However, this week she is ready to talk:

“Well, I guess we are not strangers anymore. I told you before I was in the hospital and the last time was when I was 31. I was not in there for body aches. I was there because people thought I was crazy. I’m a bit better now because I am in treatment. I have my moments when things are really bad. For example, I would hear voices—sometimes I thought it was God, and I could hear Him just like I hear you. Other times I would have the television turned off but it would be talking to me anyway. I even started thinking my neighbors were poisoning my tap water, so I stopped showering and drinking. I got hospitalized because I was sure that God and my neighbors were working together to hurt me so they could put me in prison.”

Pat stops a moment to catch her breath, and you notice that her arms are twitching a little. As you think back, you realize she has done that a lot since you have been getting to know her. “Like I said, I only get that bad once in a while when I am not on my medication. However, I still sometimes hear things that aren’t there or worry that people are out to get me even with the treatment. It’s just less.”

This week explores contributing factors, including social-cultural factors, on psychological disorders.

Week 5 Learning Resources

This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week’s assigned Learning Resources.

Required Resources

Readings

  • Myers, D. G. (2014). Exploring psychology, in modules (9th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
    • Module 39, “Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders, and Mood Disorders” (pp. 542–561)
    • Module 40, “Schizophrenia” (pp. 562–568)
    • Module 41, “Other Disorders” (pp. 569–583)
  • Szasz, T. S. (1960). The myth of mental illness. American Psychologist, 15, 113–118. Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.This article argues that mental illness does not exist, focusing on topics such as ethics in psychiatry, problems in living, and brain disease.
  • DSM5 Bridge Document: Note regarding DSM Changes

Media

Optional Resources

Week 5 Assignment

Application: Social-Cultural Influences on Diagnosis and Treatment

With social-cultural, biological, and psychological influences being so diverse, the line between normal and disorder may be hard to draw.  For example, consider cultures that are heavily grounded in religious or folk beliefs.  In those cultures, talking to dead ancestors may be considered a normal practice (Friedrich, 1987).

Social-cultural factors are important because they influence how patients communicate symptoms, and which ones they report. In a clinical setting, these factors also influence how patients understand the disorder and consequent treatment. The medical model traditionally has viewed psychological disorders as illnesses that must be cured. In contrast, the biopsychosocial approach recognizes that culture influences the circumstances by which we understand individuals.

For this assignment, focus on the social-cultural factors that affect Pat’s behavior.

To prepare for this Assignment:

  • Imagine you are an intern at a clinic that has been asked to prepare a PowerPoint presentation about Pat’s case.
  • Consider how Pat’s social-cultural factors affect her diagnosis and treatment for paranoid schizophrenia.

Submit by Day 7 a PowerPoint presentation of 2–3 slides explaining Pat’s diagnosis from a biopsychosocial perspective.

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Nurses, Patients, and Families: Caring at the Intersection of Health, Illness, and Culture

 W4P

InstructionsPersonal Philosophy of Nursing

In a Microsoft Word document of 5-6 pages formatted in APA 7th edition style, describe your personal approach to professional nursing practice. Be sure to address each one of the following criteria:

  • Which philosophy/conceptual framework/theory/middle-range theory describes nursing in the way you think about it?
    • Discuss how you could utilize the philosophy/conceptual framework/theory/middle-range theory to organize your thoughts for critical thinking and decision making in nursing practice.
  • Formulate and discuss your personal definition of nursing, person, health, and environment.
  • Discuss a minimum of two beliefs and/or values about nursing that guide your own practice.
  • Analyze your communication style using one of the tools presented in the course.
    • Discuss the strengths and weaknesses associated with your style of communication.
    • Impact of your communication style on your ability to collaborate as part of an interdisciplinary team.

APA 7th edition include : separate introduction page, separate conclusion and reference page. These pages are NOT included in the writing requirements !!!!

Book for citing / referencing :  Black, B. P. (2020). Professional nursing: Concepts & challenges (9th ed.). Saunders. ISBN: 9780323551137.

Reading: 

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Medications Used to Treat Mental Illness

You are a nurse at an outpatient clinic and are presented with a 68-year-old female client.  She is experiencing the following symptoms: decreased appetite, disturbed sleep pattern, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, disordered thought process, anhedonia, guilt, and low self-esteem. The doctor diagnoses the client with major depressive disorder.  Answer the following questions:

  • What medication do you think is likely to be prescribed for this client and why? 
  • What are some important teachings you would give this client when administering the first dose? 
  • When following up with the client 2 months later.  What are some changes you may expect to see with the client? If the client is not displaying the expected outcomes, what are some possible alternatives for the client? 
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mental disorder or illness, terminally-ill patients, incarcerated individuals, undocumented immigrants, or convicted felons)

Observation project 

The paper should be between 3 and 8 pages in length (excluding title page and reference page). It should include a minimum of 3 to 10 valid outside sources. Students will choose a setting or group and conduct an observation, focusing on noting deviant behavior in that setting or group. Suggested settings include busy street corners, malls, coffee shops or restaurants, airports, churches, public parks, courtrooms, etc. They will write a paper relating their observations and analyzing the deviant behavior using what they have learned in the course. Sociology majors will format their paper using the ASA style. Other majors may use the style they are most familiar with (APA, MLA, etc.).

Guidelines about how to conduct observations are presented at the end of this syllabus.

PLEASE NOTE: This project is classified as a “class activity” by the Saint Leo University Institutional Review Board. To respect this classification, the following parameters must be applied:

• Students will not interact directly with the people they observe, beyond answering basic questions or carrying casual conversations. They will not conduct lengthy interviews.

• The results will only be shared in the context of the class, excluding any presentation or report to an audience outside of the classroom for which it is completed.

• The goal of the activity is NOT to contribute to generalizable knowledge. Students may collect and analyze data using scientific methods, but the protocol is too limited to permit any valid contribution to the general body of scientific knowledge.

• The activity does not involve any risk to participants beyond those of daily life.

• If the observation takes place on private property, in a setting that is not open to the public: The student must provide proof of authorization to conduct their observation there. The participants do not belong to a sensitive population (such as individuals under 18 years of age, individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder or illness, terminally-ill patients, incarcerated individuals, undocumented immigrants, or convicted felons). Observations in public settings (including stores, restaurants, malls, coffee shops, airports) may involve any kind of participants.