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4 steps a pathogen must complete to cause an infectious disease

  • Define Pathogen
  • Define Infectious disease
  • Define Infection
  • Define Primary Infection
  • Define Secondary Infection
  • Define Opportunistic Infection
  • Define Accidental Infection
  • Define Pathogenicity
  • Define Virulence
  • Define Virulence Factors
  • Define Lethal dose
  • Outline the 4 steps a pathogen must complete to cause an infectious disease
  • What is the difference between direct and indirect transmission? Provide examples
  • What is a common vehicle transmission? Provide examples
  • What is the criteria for Airborne transmission? Provide examples
  • What are 3 criteria about skin that makes it an effective barrier against microbes?
  • What are 3 criteria about mucous membranes that makes it an effective barrier against microbes?
  • List one example of how a pathogen might penetrate a skin or mucous membrane barrier
  • Define Exotoxin and list at least 4 features they have
  • Define Endotoxin and list at least 4 features they have
  • List an example of a waterborne transmission disease
  • List an example of a airborne transmission disease
  • List an example of a contact transmission disease
  • List an example of a vector transmission disease
  • Influenza virus has an envelope that contains 2 types of protein spikes. Name and describe them
  • Why are spike antigens good at evolving?
  • Name 3 characteristics about latent and slow (persistent) Viral Infections
  • How are viruses able to bring about cancer cell division?
  • Describe the difference between Viruses and Retroviruses in regards to cancer development
  • What is a vaccination?
  • Define Attenuated Vaccines
  • Define Inactivated Vaccines
  • Define Subunit Vaccines
  • Define DNA Vaccines
  • Define Cutaneous Mycoses and its effect in humans

THE CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS  

  • Define Sterilization
  • Define Bactericidal
  • Define Bacteriostatic
  • Describe sterilization by heat
  • Describe sterilization by irradiation
  • Describe sterilization by filtration
  • What is disinfection?
  • List and describe 3 types of disinfectants
  • Describe the Kinetics of Cell death
  • Draw and describe the kinetics of cell death for any microorganisms.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS  

  • Define Antibiotic
  • What is a key component of antibiotics?
  • Define Infection
  • Name 5 antibiotics and the diseases they are typically used for
  • Name and describe 6 properties that antibiotics should have
  • What are 4 ways that antibiotics work?
  • Describe and give an example of disruption of cell membranes as it relates to antibiotics
  • Describe and give an example of inhibition of protein synthesis as it relates to antibiotics
  • Describe and give an example of inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis  as it relates to antibiotics
  • Summarize in 5 sentences resistance to antibiotics
  • Provide 5 examples and describe 5 different ways bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics
  • Summarize in 5 sentences how bacteria resistance arises
  • Describe the pros and cons between broad-spectrum and narrow-spectrum antibiotics in 3 sentences
  • Define an Antiviral
  • Why are antiviral drugs not as common as antibacterial drugs?
  • List and provide a example of the 4 ways antivirals work
  • Describe how Antifungals work
  • List and describe 5 examples of Antifungal agents
  • Why is it hard to target Antiprotozoal Agents?
  • List and describe examples of Antiprotozoal Agents (At least 3)
  • Give a 3 sentence summary on the future of Antimicrobials (in your own words)

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Construct an epidemiological triad for an infectious disease

Assignment details: Construct an epidemiological triad for an infectious disease. Define its common agent, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and host (the chain of infection). How long is its incubation period? Does it have a common source of outbreak? Does the CDC have active surveillance on this infectious disease? Does herd immunity apply? Is it pandemic?
Do this over influenza

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Epidemiological triad for influenza

Common agent: influenza has common antiviral agents

Reservoir: The common reservoir of influenza virus A are the wild birds mostly shorebirds, ducks, and geese.

Portal of exit: influenza infectious agent uses a similar portal to get into and out of the host. It mostly uses the respiratory tract of the host and gets into the respiratory tract of the new host. It exits the respiratory tract by means of coughing and sneezing

Means of transmission: the influenza virus mode of transmission are the hands, surfaces, and droplets where they use it to gains entry.

Portal of entry: it refers to the way the pathogen gets admission into a susceptible host, for instance, the pathogen exits the respiratory tract of its source and gets into the respiratory tract of the new host.

 Host (the chain of infection):  during the circulation of the pathogen in humans, the virus usually gets accumulated into points of mutation in HA and NA which gives provision of it to escape the host immunity.

Incubation period: the incubation period of flu is generally between one and for days though it usually varies from one individual to the other. Therefore, the average incubation period for influenza is for two days.

Common sources of the outbreak: influenza virus usually have a common source epidemic where the period of exposure is relative, not long and in many instances occur within one incubation period.

CDC active surveillance:  the influenza virus infections cannot be identified as a CDC agent as it is not nationally notifiable though it is reported in some countries. The local health institutions are required to follow strict guidelines on reporting its outbreaks.

Application of herd immunity: herd immunity applies to influenza as its notion is that when many people get the influenza vaccine, it assists in protecting the entire population. This is due to the reason that there are fewer infected people to transmit this contagious infection.

Is it epidemic: an influenza pandemic can be referred to as an epidemic of an influenza virus which generally spreads globally on a broader scale. The virus,…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………,………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… epidemiological triad for an infectious disease

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Drugs Used in Treating Infectious Disease

Chapter 24 Drugs Used in Treating Infectious Disease

Nick is a 16 year old who presents to the clinic with a sore throat, enlarged cervical lymph nodes, and a fever of 102°F. His rapid strep test is positive.

  1. What is the plan of care for Nick’s strep throat?

2. What education do Nick and his parents need?


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Treatment Plan for Nick, 16-Year Old with Sore Throat

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Treatment Plan for Nick, 16-Year Old with Sore Throat

            Acute pharyngitis is one of the leading causes of hospital visits in the United States. According to Luo et al. (2019) the most common cause of acute pharyngitis is Streptococcus pyogenes, estimated to cause about 5-10% of sore throat infections in adults and 20-30% of sore throat infections among the children.  The authors assert that though the infection can heal on their own, over 60% of the cases are treated with antibiotics so as to prevent some complications. Sore throat is diagnosed through rapid antigen detection test (RADT).

            The diagnosis for Nick turned out positive for sore throat, which should be treated with antibiotic. The available antibiotics for treatment for sore throat are penicillin and amoxillin. The dosage are Penicillin 500 mg PO bid × 10 days  or Amoxicillin 1,000 mg PO daily × 10 days. The prescription should be discussed with the patient in order to determine if there are any reactions towards the specific type of antibiotic. The medication is readily available and is not expensive, making it affordable for the patient. Sore throat can be uncomfortable and a lack of effective treatment may lead to other complications such acute rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, and rheumatic heart disease (Luo et al., 2019). The parent of Nick should be advised on these dangers of sore throat and recommended to follow the dosage directions to ensure effective treatment. In addition, Nick will be contagious within the first 24 hours upon antibiotic treatment. Any symptoms of rush and hypersensitivity upon the start of antibiotic…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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