The Urinary System
Functions of the Urinary System
Urinary system
Performs many functions that are important in maintaining homeostasis
Homeostasis
Process for maintaining a constant internal environment
Maintaining proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body
Constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste
Converting waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
2
Structures of the Urinary System (1 of 7)
Urinary system (urinary tract)
Consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra
Adrenal glands
Part of the endocrine system
Located on the top of the kidneys
Genitourinary tract
Reference to two body systems: urinary tract and reproductive organs
Located in close proximity
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
3
Structures of the Urinary System (2 of 7)
The primary structures of the urinary system, as shown here in a male, are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The adrenal gland, positioned on top of each kidney, is a structure of the endocrine system. The prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system, surrounds the urethra.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
4
Structures of the Urinary System (3 of 7)
The Kidneys
Constantly filter blood to remove waste products and excess water
Excreted as urine: 95% water and 5% urea and other body wastes
Roughly 150–200 quarts of blood processed daily; produces 1–2 quarts of urine
Bean-shaped; located in the retroperitoneal space
Renal cortex
Outer region of the kidney; contains nephrons
Medulla
Inner region of the kidney; contains most urine-collecting tubules
Nephrons
Microscopic functional units of kidneys
Produce urine
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
5
Structures of the Urinary System (4 of 7)
A kidney, with a nephron in close-up, showing the nephron’s associated structures.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
6
Structures of the Urinary System (5 of 7)
The Renal Pelvis
Funnel-shaped area inside each kidney
Surrounded by the renal cortex and medulla
The Ureters
Two narrow tubes
Transport urine from the kidney to the bladder
Urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through ureteral orifices
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
7
Structures of the Urinary System (6 of 7)
The Urinary Bladder
Oval, hollow, muscular organ
Reservoir for urine before it is excreted
Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity behind the pubic symphysis
Lined with rugae (folds that allow the bladder to expand when full and contract when empty)
The structures of the male urinary bladder.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
8
Structures of the Urinary System (7 of 7)
The Urethra
Tube from bladder to exterior of body
Has two urinary sphincters
Urethral meatus (urinary meatus)
External opening of the urethra
Female urethra
Approximately 1.5 inches long
Male urethra
Approximately 8 inches long
Prostate gland
Part of male reproductive system
Surrounds the urethra
Cross-sections of the male and female urinary systems.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
9
The Excretion of Urine
Urination
Also known as voiding or micturition
Normal process of excreting urine
Requires coordinated contraction of bladder muscles and relaxation of sphincters
Forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urethral meatus
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the urinary system.
10
Medical Specialties Related to the Urinary System
Nephrologist
Physician (specialist)
Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the kidneys
Urologist
Physician (specialist)
Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.02: Identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the urinary system.
11
Pathology of the Urinary System (1 of 15)
Nephropathy
Any disease of the kidney
Includes both degenerative and inflammatory conditions
Diabetic nephropathy
Kidney disease resulting from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
Renal Failure
Inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
The body cannot replace damaged nephrons
When too many nephrons have been destroyed, the result is kidney failure
Azotemia
Elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Uremia can occur when this excess becomes toxic
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
12
Pathology of the Urinary System (2 of 15)
Uremia (uremic poisoning)
Results from renal failure; kidney function is compromised
Urea and waste products normally secreted in the urine are retained in the blood
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Sudden onset and is characterized by uremia
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Progressive loss of renal function over months or years
Buildup of waste in the blood can be a contributing factor in heart attacks and stroke
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Also known as kidney failure
Final stage of chronic kidney disease
Fatal without dialysis or a successful kidney transplant
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
13
Pathology of the Urinary System (3 of 15)
Nephrotic Syndrome (Nephrosis)
Group of conditions
Excessive amounts of protein are lost through the urine
Usually caused by damage to the glomeruli
Edema: excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues
Hyperproteinuria: abnormally high concentrations of protein in urine
Hypoproteinemia: abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood
Causes of nephrotic syndrome
Diabetes mellitus
Infection
Kidney disorders
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
14
Pathology of the Urinary System (4 of 15)
Additional Kidney Conditions
Ectopic kidney
Congenital condition
One kidney is located in an abnormal position or has fused with the other kidney
Hydronephrosis
Dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
Nephritis
Inflammation of the kidney or kidneys
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli
Red blood cells and proteins leak into urine
A stricture of the ureter can cause both hydronephrosis and hydroureter.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
15
Pathology of the Urinary System (5 of 15)
Pyonephrosis (nephropyosis)
Suppuration of the kidney
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Genetic disorder
Numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys
Renal colic
Acute pain caused by a blockage during passage of a nephrolith (kidney stone)
Renal cell carcinoma
Most common kidney cancer in adults
Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)
Rare malignant tumor in young children
Polycystic kidney disease: On the left is the exterior of a kidney with polycystic disease. On the right is a cross-section view of a kidney with polycystic disease.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
16
Pathology of the Urinary System (6 of 15)
Stones (Calculi)
Abnormal mineral deposit formed within the body
Named for the organ or tissue where it is located
Form when waste products in urine separate and crystallize
Nephrolithiasis
Presence of stones in the kidney
Travel with the flow of urine
Named for the location where they become lodged
Potential locations of renal stones (calculi) as they move through the urinary system.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
17
Pathology of the Urinary System (7 of 15)
Urinary tract obstruction
Blockage that prevents the flow of urine
Named for its location
Commonly caused by stones, congenital abnormalities, or an enlarged prostate
Nephrolith
Kidney stone or renal calculus found in the kidney
Ureterolith
Stone located anywhere along the ureter
Cystolith
Stone located within the urinary bladder
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
18
Pathology of the Urinary System (8 of 15)
The Ureters
Hydroureter
Distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because of a ureteral obstruction
Ureteral obstruction
Blockage of one or both ureters
Due to congenital abnormality, ureterolith, or other disorders
Ureterorrhagia
Discharge of blood from the ureter
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
19
Pathology of the Urinary System (9 of 15)
The Urinary Bladder
Cystalgia and cystodynia
Pain in the bladder
Cystocele (prolapsed bladder)
Hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
Interstitial cystitis
Chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder
Vesicovaginal fistula
Abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
Allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina
A vesicovaginal fistula allows urine to flow into the vagina.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
20
Pathology of the Urinary System (10 of 15)
Neurogenic Bladder
Interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
The bladder may empty spontaneously, resulting in incontinence
Can also prevent the bladder from emptying at all or from emptying completely
Some of the causes of this condition:
Tumor of the nervous system
Trauma
Neuropathy
Inflammatory condition such as multiple sclerosis
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
21
Pathology of the Urinary System (11 of 15)
The Prostate Gland
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign prostatic hypertrophy or an enlarged prostate
Enlargement of the prostate gland
Prostatism
Compression/obstruction of the urethra
Prostate cancer
Common cancer among men
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
Bacterial prostatitis
Usually results from bacteria transported in the urine
In benign prostatic hyperplasia, the enlarged prostate presses against the bladder and slows the flow of urine through the urethra.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
22
Pathology of the Urinary System (12 of 15)
The Urethra
Urethrorrhagia: bleeding from the urethra
Urethrorrhea: abnormal discharge from the urethra
Urethrostenosis (urethral stricture): narrowing of the urethra
Abnormal Urethral Openings
Epispadias: congenital abnormality
Male: opening is located on the upper surface of the penis
Female: opening is in the region of the clitoris
Hypospadias: congenital abnormality
Male: opening is on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis
Female: opens into the vagina
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
23
Pathology of the Urinary System (13 of 15)
Urinary Tract Infections
Commonly caused by bacteria
Occur more frequently in women
Can affect all parts of the urinary system
Urosepsis
Systemic bacterial infection
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Infections of the urinary tract, indicated in green: (A) cystitis and (B) pyelonephritis.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
24
Pathology of the Urinary System (14 of 15)
Urination
Anuria: absence of urine formation by the kidneys
Diuresis: increased output of urine
Dysuria: difficult or painful urination
Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine
Nocturnal enuresis: urinary incontinence during sleep
Nocturia: frequent and excessive urination during the night
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
25
Pathology of the Urinary System (15 of 15)
Urination
Oliguria: scanty urination
Polyuria: excessive urination
Urinary hesitancy: difficulty in starting a urinary stream
Urinary retention: inability to completely empty the bladder
Incontinence: inability to control the excretion of urine, feces, or both
Urinary incontinence: inability to control the voiding of urine
Overflow incontinence: continuous leaking from the bladder
Stress incontinence: voiding of urine when running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing
Overactive bladder (OAB): also known as urge incontinence; bladder muscles contract involuntarily
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
26
Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (1 of 4)
Urinalysis (UA)
Examination of urine for the presence of abnormal elements
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Blood test; checks kidney function
Bladder ultrasound
Handheld ultrasound transducer
Urinary catheterization
Insertion of a tube into the bladder
Cystoscopy
Examination of the urinary bladder using a specialized type of endoscope
Use of a cystoscope to examine the interior of the bladder in a male.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
27
Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (2 of 4)
Radiographic Examinations of the Urinary System
Computed tomography (CT scan)
Radiographic imaging of the abdomen
Cystography
X-ray or fluoroscopy examination of the bladder
A contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
X-ray images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder using an intravenous contrast medium to clearly visualize the structures
This normal intravenous pyelogram shows the urinary tract, including the ureters, a kidney, and the bladder.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
28
Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (3 of 4)
KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)
X-ray study without the use of a contrast medium
Also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen
Retrograde pyelogram
A contrast medium is instilled and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract
Usually as part of cystoscopy
Voiding cystourethrography
Fluoroscopy used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
29
Diagnostic Procedures of the Urinary System (4 of 4)
Diagnostic Procedures of the Prostate Gland
Digital rectal examination (DRE)
Palpation of the prostate gland
In this context, the term digital means using a finger
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test
Used to screen for prostate cancer
Measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen present in a blood specimen
The higher a man’s PSA level, the more likely cancer is present
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
30
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (1 of 9)
Medications
Diuretics
Medications administered to increase urine secretion
Primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt
Some foods and drinks (such as coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages) have a diuretic effect
Other drugs used to treat urinary tract problems
Antibiotics for urinary tract infections
Antispasmodics to block the signals that cause urinary incontinence
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
31
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (2 of 9)
Dialysis
Procedure to remove waste products
Used when kidneys no longer function
Hemodialysis
Waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood
Performed on an external hemodialysis machine, sometimes referred to as an artificial kidney
Most common type of dialysis
In a hemodialysis unit, waste is filtered from the patient’s blood. The filtered blood is then returned to the patient’s body.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
32
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (3 of 9)
Peritoneal dialysis
The lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove waste from blood
Repeated several times during the day; can be done using an automated system
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Provides dialysis as the patient goes about daily activities
Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) or automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)
Provides dialysis during the night while the patient sleeps
Peritoneal dialysis removes waste through a fluid exchange in the peritoneal cavity.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
33
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (4 of 9)
The Kidneys
Nephrolysis
Surgical freeing of a kidney from adhesions
Nephrostomy
Catheter used to maintain an opening from one or both kidneys to the exterior of the body
Tubes are also used to gain access to the kidneys for diagnostic procedures
Pyelotomy
Surgical incision into the renal pelvis
Removes obstructions, such as a stone
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
34
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (5 of 9)
Renal transplantation (kidney transplant)
Grafting of a donor kidney
Tissue match increases success rate
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Most common kidney stone treatment
Uses high-energy ultrasonic waves
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Surgical removal of a nephrolith
Performed through a small incision in the back
In a kidney transplant, the nonfunctioning kidney is usually not removed. Instead, the donor kidney and its associated structures are sutured into place at a lower point in the abdomen.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
35
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (6 of 9)
The Ureters
Ureterectomy: surgical removal of a ureter
Ureteroscopy: treatment for a nephrolith lodged in the ureter
Ureteroscope: specialized instrument to remove nephrolith
The Urinary Bladder
Cystectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
Cystorrhaphy: surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder
Lithotomy: surgical incision for removal of a nephrolith in the bladder
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
36
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (7 of 9)
The Urinary Bladder
Urinary catheterization (cathing)
Indwelling catheter
Remains for a prolonged time
Foley: most common catheter type
Urethral catheterization
Inserting a catheter through the urethra
Suprapubic catheterization
Inserting a catheter through an incision
Intermittent catheter (short-term)
Inserted as needed several times a day to drain urine from the bladder
Types of urinary catheterization.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
37
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (8 of 9)
The Urethra
Meatotomy
Surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening
Urethroplasty
Surgical repair of damage or a defect in the walls of the urethra
Urethrotomy
Surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture
Prostate Treatment
Ablation
Removal of a body part or the destruction of its function
Uses surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
38
Treatment Procedures of the Urinary System (9 of 9)
Prostatectomy
Removal of part or all of the prostate gland
Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
Removal of excess tissue from an enlarged prostate
Radiation therapy; hormone therapy
Additional treatments to control prostate cancer
Urinary incontinence treatment
Kegel exercises: pelvic muscle exercises
Bladder retraining: increases bladder capacity
A transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) being performed with the use of a resectoscope.
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system.
39
Abbreviations Related to the Digestive System
Reference Table 9.1 in the text for an overview of the abbreviations related to the terms introduced in this chapter
Examples:
Acute renal failure = ARF
Benign prostatic hyperplasia = BPH
Chronic kidney disease = CKD
End-stage renal disease = ESRD
Polycystic kidney disease = PKD
Urinary tract infection = UTI
Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Learning Objective 9.03: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the urinary system
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