Paula Boothe, president of the Bramble Corporation, has mandated a minimum 10% return on investment for any project undertaken by the company. Given the company’s decentralization, Paula leaves all investment decisions to the divisional managers as long as they anticipate a minimum rate of return of at least 12%. The Energy Drinks division, under the direction of manager Martin Koch, has achieved a 14% return on investment for the past three years. This year is not expected to be different from the past three. Koch has just received a proposal to invest $1,800,000 in a new line of energy drinks that is expected to generate $312,000 in operating income. Assume that Bramble Corporation’s actual weighted-average cost of capital is 10% and its tax rate is 32%.Calculate the economic value added of the proposed new line of energy drinks. (If the economic value added is negative then enter with a negative sign preceding the number, e.g. -5,125 or parenthesis, e.g. (5,125). Round answer to 0 decimal places, e.g. 5,125.)Economic value added$enter the economic value added in dollars rounded to 0 decimal places
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Question-1 [Parallelism] [28 pts] This question has five parts [a through e] Consider two threads, T1 and T2, with the following codes (‘$zero’ represents a register that is hardwired to value 0): T1 my_again: lw r2, 0(r1) lw r4, 4(r1) add r2, r2, r8 add r4, r4, r8 sw r2, 4(r1) sw r4, 0(r1) sub r1, r1, -4 bne r1, $zero, my_again: T2 your_again: lw r2, 0(r1) add r2, r2, r9 sw r2, 0(r1) lw r4, 4(r1) add r4, r4, r9 sw r4, 4(r1) sub r1, r1, -12 bne r1, $zero, your_again: Each of these threads is to be separately scheduled and executed on a two-slot VLIW machine with the goal of achieving a minimum number of cycles. A ‘bundle’ in this architecture has two instructions. The first of these instructions can be only an ALU or branch instruction, whereas the second one can be only a load or store instruction. You are allowed to reorder independent instructions and change the offset of addressing (if needed). You are not allowed to combine instructions. (a) Map T1 to this VLIW machine. Explain each instruction-to-execution slot mapping decision you make in sufficient detail (i.e., why you have decided so; couldn’t instruction be scheduled in an earlier slot (cycle)?). [5 pts] (b) Map T2 to this VLIW machine. Explain each instruction-to-execution slot mapping decision you make in sufficient detail (i.e., why you have decided so; couldn’t instruction be scheduled in an earlier slot (cycle)?). [5 pts] (c) Repeat (a), but this time assuming that any instruction can be mapped to any execution slot. [5 pts] (d) Repeat (b), but this time assuming that any instruction can be mapped to any execution slot. [5 pts] (e) Suppose you decided to move to a simultaneous multi-threading architecture (SMT). The SMT architecture you are considering can execute up to 4 instructions in parallel. Further, in a given cycle, any combination of independent instructions (from the same or different threads) can be executed in parallel. Show a scheduling of these two threads together on the SMT machine with the goal of improving throughput. [8 pts] Question-2 [Branch Prediction and Stalls] [21 pts] This question has five parts [a through e] (a) Explain the functionalities of the following hardware components: BTB (Branch Target Buffer) and BHT (Branch History Table). Discuss how these two components complement each other. [2 pts] (b) Consider a branch that has the following outcome pattern (T for taken, N for not taken). N T N N T T T N N T T T N T N N How many branches are predicted correctly with a static (0-bit) always-taken branch predictor for this branch outcome pattern. [5 pts] (c) Using the same sequence from B. How many branches are predicted correctly with a dynamic 1-bit predictor where the initial state is Taken (T) for this branch outcome pattern? [5 pts] (d) How many branches are predicted correctly with a dynamic, saturating counter 2-bit predictor for the branch outcome pattern in B? Suppose the four states are strong not taken (SN), weak not taken (wn), weak taken (wt), and strong taken (ST). Assume that the initial prediction state is wt (weak taken). [5 pts] (e) What are the fundamental differences between ‘pipeline stall’ and ‘pipeline flush’? Provide examples to highlight what instructions will cause stall and what instructions will cause flush, and why. [4 pts] Question-3 [Load/Store Queues] [25 pts] This question has three parts [a through c] Consider the following sequence of instructions: add r1,r6,r1 sw r1, 0(r12) lw r7, 8(r9) lw r6, -4(r10) lw r8, 4(r11) add r4,r6,r7 add r8,r8,r4 sw r8, 8(r9) lw r2, -8(r3) (a ) Explain how ‘store queue’ can be used to improve/optimize the performance of this code sequence. [8 pts] (b) Discuss the relationship of the optimization in part (a) to ‘data forwarding’ (bypassing) used in pipelining. [7 pts] (c) Explain how ‘load queue’ can be used to improve/optimize the performance of this code sequence [10 pts] Question-4 [Hazards and Unrolling] [26 pts] This question has three parts [a through c] (a) Identify all RAW, WAW and WAR dependencies in the loop shown below. Write down the dependencies within a ‘single iteration’ only. Use the following notation, for example, to indicate a dependency between Ix and Iy through r3 register: Ix- Iy (r3). (‘$zero’ represents a register that is hardwired to value 0, and ‘mul’ is opcode for multiplication): [8 pts] loop: I1: lw s1, 0(r1) I2: mul s2, s1, s0 I3: add s3, s3, s2 I4: mul s2, s1, s1 I5: add s2, s2, s3 I6: sw s2, 0(r1) I7: sub r1, r1, 8 I8: bne r1, $zero, loop (b) Unroll the loop above once and eliminate as many dependences as you can via ‘register renaming’. What dependences remain after renaming? Why can’t they be eliminated via renaming? [8 pts] (c) Two important techniques have emerged recently for achieving high performance in processors. One is ‘speculative execution’, where instructions (or sequences of instructions) are executed before all the information needed to commit the instruction has been nailed down. The other is ‘simultaneous multithreading’ (SMT), where the processor can issue instructions from multiple threads (or processes), potentially in the same cycle. Describe the pros and cons of each approach with respect to the other. Do these approaches capture different opportunities for parallelism, or are they different ways to achieve the same result? If both were implemented in a single system, would you expect their projected improvements to be additive? Why or why not? [10 pts]
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This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin.Instructions
Instructions: Mandatory minimum sentencing requires that offenders serve a predefined term for certain crimes, commonly serious and violent offenses, and judges are bound by law to enforce them. Explain the reasons why there have been calls to repeal or reform mandatory minimum sentencing laws. Based on your findings, are you in favor of repealing mandatory minimum sentencing laws?
The assignment is due on or before Sunday at 11:59 pm EST. The assignment covers the material from the textbook(s) and the supplemental citations. Each student submission to the assignment must be a minimum of 2-3 full pages with APA 7th ed. citations and references. Each student submission MUST be uploaded as a Word Doc attachment.
All assignments must be written in an academic tone. Remember, an academic essay is not to be written like you are having a casual conversation with your friends. Do not include slang or foul language unless you are quoting someone.
Lengthy direct quotes are not permitted. Direct quotes, if used, must be limited to a few words. As university students, you are expected to paraphrase and cite. For more information on properly citing sources in your assignments please refer to the APA 7th edition manual. While the assignments are to include an examination of current research of a particular problem, they also need to include the student’s careful and informed analysis of the problem.
Remember each assignment must be submitted as a Word Doc attachment. You must use a 12 point Times New Roman font. Margins will also need to be 1-inch.
Each assignment will need to include the following:
An APA formatted title page.
The original question at the top of the essay (serves as the abstract).
The body of your response must be a minimum of 2-3 pages.
A reference page formatted to APA 7th edition.
A minimum of two current, scholarly references per assignment. Web sources can be used, though they should come from credible sources such as government agencies, academics, and private agencies with a strong reputation within the community they serve. Examples of peer-reviewed scholarly based journals include:
Journal of Criminology
Crime and Public Opinion
Journal of Criminal Justice and Public Policy
Justice Quarterly: JQ
Furthermore, do not use encyclopedias, dictionaries, newspapers (unless otherwise permitted), and popular magazines. It is important to remember that this is an undergraduate level class and you are required to submit undergraduate level work, which is backed up by academically credible material. If you have a question about the quality of a potential resource please email your professor.
You are encouraged to use the library to locate the needed material. Additionally, at the bottom of this syllabus is a list of acceptable organizations and groups found on the World Wide Web which you can use to find material for your assignments
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Successful completion of a doctoral dissertation requires significant amounts of independent reading on the research topic. This allows the doctoral learner/researcher to become familiar with the scope of the topic and to identify gaps or tensions within the existing literature on the topic. These gaps and tensions become the source of the dissertation research. In this assignment, you will read and annotate potential sources in your dissertation field of interest. Those demonstrating the most merit to the best of your understanding of the topic at this time should be added to your RefWorks list for potential inclusion in the literature review section of your dissertation.
General Requirements:
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:
It is strongly recommended that you engage in this activity throughout the duration of your program. You will be adding to this document to begin building a running literature review. You will have five sources in your list by the end of this assignment.
The College of Doctoral Studies recognizes the diversity of learners in our programs and the varied interests in research topics for their dissertations in the Social Sciences.Dissertation topics must, at a minimum, be aligned to General Psychology in the Ph.D. program, Leadership in the Ed.D. Organizational Leadership program, Adult Instruction in the Ed.D. Teaching and Learning program, Management in the DBA program, and Counseling Practice, Counselor Education, Clinical Supervision or Advocacy/Leadership within the Counseling field in the Counselor Education Ph.D. program.If there are questions regarding appropriate alignment of a dissertation topic to the program, the respective program chair will be the final authority for approval decisions.Specifically, although the College prefers a learner’s topic align with the program emphasis, this alignment is not “required.” The College will remain flexible on the learner’s dissertation topic if it aligns with the degree program in which the learner is enrolled. The Ph.D. program in General Psychology does not support clinically based research.
Instructors will be scoring your submission based on the number of unique sources identified in the list submitted.
Download the resource Literature Review Resources Tool and use it to complete the assignment.
Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,” located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Directions:
Read at least five empirical articles in your general dissertation field.
In the “Literature Review Resources” document, provide the following for each source:
The APA formatted citation.
A brief annotation of the key points of the source.
An indication of whether the source has been added to (Y) or excluded from (N) your RefWorks list.
http://pareonline.net/pdf/v14n13.pdf – please see attached link.