Recall the video from your Module 1 Case Assignment on how stress affects the brain. Stress not only affects the structure and function of the brain, but its genetic makeup as well. In this module you were introduced to the various effects stress has on each body system, including the reproductive system. New research suggests that experiencing intense psychological trauma may have a genetic impact on a person’s future children. In the following video, Dr. Rachel Yehuda studied the genetic effects in a population of Holocaust survivors and found variations from the norm in both generations for the gene associated with depression and anxiety disorders. The findings imply that children of individuals who experience profound stress in life may be more likely to develop stress or anxiety disorders themselves.
Can Trauma Be Passed to the Next Generation Through DNA? PBS Learning Media. Accessed at https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/e9a3377e-ef0d-4815-8f25-166daa4d3114/can-trauma-be-passed-to-the-next-generation-through-dna/#.WZeOTNGQyM8
Case Assignment
Answer the following questions in essay format. For additional details, see the Case Assignment directions below.
How does experiencing trauma affect a person’s life?
Describe the term epigenetics. How does stress play a role in epigenetics?
Describe an event in history that could have caused stress-related changes to the next generation (some examples include the Holocaust, 9-11 terrorist attack, the Dutch famine of 1944). Include the disorders these children experienced (such as anxiety, depression, mental disorders, etc).
Why might it be helpful to know how children will be affected by trauma their parents experienced?
What kinds of events going on in the world right now could be producing similar effects in future generations?
Assignment Expectations
Organize this essay assignment using subtitles that summarize the topic from each question above. For example, to answer Question 1, use a descriptive subtitle like the following: Effects of Trauma.
Answer each question under the subtitle using complete sentences that relate back to the question. Be sure to use APA formatting throughout your essay with 1-inch margins, 12-pt font, and double spacing throughout. Include a title page, introduction, answers to the questions with subtitles, and concluding paragraph. Remember to include in-text citations within the body of the essay referencing your resources (i.e., Murray, 2014). Also, be sure to include a reference section at the end of your assignment listing all required readings and any additional resources you used to complete your essay. See the Trident guide to APA Style, 7th edition.
Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks.
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Recall the video from your Module 1 Case Assignment on how stress affects the brain. Stress not only affects the structure and function of the brain, but its genetic makeup as well. In this module you were introduced to the various effects stress has on each body system, including the reproductive system. New research suggests that experiencing intense psychological trauma may have a genetic impact on a person’s future children. In the following video, Dr. Rachel Yehuda studied the genetic effects in a population of Holocaust survivors and found variations from the norm in both generations for the gene associated with depression and anxiety disorders. The findings imply that children of individuals who experience profound stress in life may be more likely to develop stress or anxiety disorders themselves.
Can Trauma Be Passed to the Next Generation Through DNA? PBS Learning Media. Accessed at https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/e9a3377e-ef0d-4815-8f25-166daa4d3114/can-trauma-be-passed-to-the-next-generation-through-dna/#.WZeOTNGQyM8
Case Assignment
Answer the following questions in essay format. For additional details, see the Case Assignment directions below.
How does experiencing trauma affect a person’s life?
Describe the term epigenetics. How does stress play a role in epigenetics?
Describe an event in history that could have caused stress-related changes to the next generation (some examples include the Holocaust, 9-11 terrorist attack, the Dutch famine of 1944). Include the disorders these children experienced (such as anxiety, depression, mental disorders, etc).
Why might it be helpful to know how children will be affected by trauma their parents experienced?
What kinds of events going on in the world right now could be producing similar effects in future generations?
Assignment Expectations
Organize this essay assignment using subtitles that summarize the topic from each question above. For example, to answer Question 1, use a descriptive subtitle like the following: Effects of Trauma.
Answer each question under the subtitle using complete sentences that relate back to the question. Be sure to use APA formatting throughout your essay with 1-inch margins, 12-pt font, and double spacing throughout. Include a title page, introduction, answers to the questions with subtitles, and concluding paragraph. Remember to include in-text citations within the body of the essay referencing your resources (i.e., Murray, 2014). Also, be sure to include a reference section at the end of your assignment listing all required readings and any additional resources you used to complete your essay. See the Trident guide to APA Style, 7th edition.
Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks.
Timely Delivery– primewritersbay.com believes in beating the deadlines that our customers have imposed because we understand how important it is.
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How does experiencing trauma affect a person’s life?
This is a bit of a twist when it comes to how we look at ethics. It’s tempting to approach ethics as a way to tell other people what to do, to point fingers, or debate controversial issues that don’t directly involve us. For this assignment, think about your role as an ethical being – as a moral agent. A moral agent is a person who can make a decision to act in their social world and who recognizes some responsibility to make those choices in a way that can be recognized as ‘right’. This means you. You are a moral agent.
What does it mean for you to act responsibly in your social world? What skills (virtues) do you need to cultivate and practice in order to live ethically and authentically?
Discuss any two ethical theories that we have explored as you develop your answer.
(Note: Your work in this assignment can also help you in your Final Project.)
Objectives:
Assignments have the following objectives:
Identify and describe key concepts relevant to a theme presented in the assignment prompt.
Explore ideas in philosophical depth beyond the presentation of course material.
Examine course material in order to develop an informed investigation of your perspectives on a theme presented in the assignment.
Research scholarly sources to help explore and expand students’ perspectives and develop critical thinking skills.
Develop a cogent argument to support your position.
Expectations:
All sources must be responsibly cited and referenced. (APA)
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Enjoy Please Note-You have come to the most reliable academic writing site that will sort all assignments that that you could be having. We write essays, research papers, term papers, research proposals. A moral agent is a person who can make a decision to act in their social world and who recognizes some responsibility to make those choices in a way that can be recognized as ‘right’.
Class, Chronic illness impacts the life of more than just the person who was diagnosed with the illness. Those who suffer from asthma often have disruptive lives due to the impaired breathing. Making it difficult to enjoy activities such as sports and outdoor living, especially during times of high pollen count and when inflicted by secondhand smoke. It is common for those who experience asthma to also experience anxiety disorders (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). When a child has asthma, a parent can be overwhelmed by stress, due to the fear of an asthma attack occurring. The cost of medicine, treatments, and loss of work can become costly for those who suffer from chronic asthma. Another chronic illness is epilepsy. Those afflicted with this chronic illness can have difficulties maintain a job, because it is no uncommon for them to sustain motor and cognitive impairments (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). People with epilepsy are easily targeted with stigmas and discriminated against, which is not only morally wrong, but it can also cause a person to feel a sense of worthlessness, feeling ashamed and lonely. Many people are caught in the middle of having to be on disability or relying on a caretaker to provide extra care. This can be both costly and degrading, especially as an adult. The medical treatment of surgery and medication, both of which are very expensive can deliver the financial stress and burden on the entire support network. The emotional difficulties a patient bares often overcomes the desire to attend counseling or seek further support care (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Spinal cord injuries can be mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually debilitating. Regardless of damage, there is a lot of time and financial obligation that goes into the care and treatment of someone who has a spinal cord injury. Patients have to learn a new normal of living, which some are not able to cope with. The same is for family members and caregivers to these patients. Coming to terms their loved one will never be the same is sometimes very difficult to handle. The rehabilitation process is long, difficult, expensive, and never guaranteed (Sarafino and Smith, 2017). Quadriplegics often face health problems such as kidney infections and often kidney failure due to constant infections of the bladder. Those who suffer from being a quadriplegic are often discriminated against and live with depression. Social support can often deteriorate, leaving their support network weak and challenging. They also have challenges with relationships, finding employment, chronic pain (which can lead to addiction to meds), financial burdens, and lack of resources to allow them to live independently (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Family, friends, and caregivers must learn to adapt to the new lifestyle of their loved one. The adjustments they endure can cause stress, emotional difficulties, financial burdens due to losing work to care for the injured, and the fact the injured can no longer bring in income. Stress within the relationship can become overwhelming while recovery happens. Sometimes the inability to have sex can cause tension and stress between partners. Making sure the house is accessible for a wheelchair can be both expensive, time consuming, and stressful. Not to mention making it possible to travel becomes difficult and demands proper planning, which can also be time consuming. The list can go on and on, such as those who suffer from diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimers, and other chronic illnesses such as migraines. The entire support network endures level of stress, financial burdens, emotional difficulties, physically overwhelming, lifestyle changes that are hard to cope with, and sometimes death. When a loved ones life chances, it affects the entire family. Have a great week! This weeks reading material is full of informative material. (I took the weekend the read ahead. Ha!) Reference Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (9thed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119299486 http://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wiley-and-sons/2016/health-psychology_biopsychosocial-interactions_9e.php
2) M.C Re: Topic 5 DQ 1
The impact that a chronic illness can cause in the patient, caregiver, and their families can become physically and emotionally overwhelming. I’m going to speak from a very personal and close case. My husband’s granny who was diagnosed with Alzheimers. I was able to witness how difficult it was not only for the diagnosed person (my husband grandmother), but for the caregiver and family members as well. It this case the caregiver was my mother-in-law who did a great job planning, organizing, supervising, coordinating, and attending for her own mother. This lasted a period of about ten years, from the first signs until she started to lose more and more of her cognitive function and show inability to do simple tasks and remember everyday things, up until her death when she was getting worse to the point of forgetting how to eat. In the early stages of the disease, I remember she had a lot of anger because she was brought from Guadalajara to the United States with lies and deceit, because she was already showing signs of dementia. The impact that this illness had in the beginning on the patient was bursts of verbal anger. She would often lash out for no reason. There wasnt a trigger that could be pinned for the anger episodes. Afterwards in the ladder stages of the illness the impact was generally childlike behavior and attitude. She would act like a little girl and play with dolls and plush animals. There were also times when she old get sad and seem depressed. As far as for the caregiver, my mother-in-law, the impact of her mothers illness was an overwhelming felling of responsibility. Even though she has 7 other siblings, no one was willing to take on such a difficult challenge. As time went by, the impact was also affecting her daily energy, as she was in her late 60s. It also affected her in her finances, for she wanted to make sure that her mother had all her needs met. It affected her emotionally as well, due to the fact that it was simply difficult to understand the illness as she witnessed her mother deteriorate as time went by. It was not an easy task not to take the insults personally and to forgo a social life. The familys impact was similar to that of the caregivers, even though the time spent with the patient was not the same. When they would visit her there was a sense of frustration and sadness to see the deterioration in her health. There was also a notable preference of the patient towards the caregiver than with anyone else which impacted the family members with great sadness when they were either not recognized or simply ignored by the grandmother.
3) J.M Re: Topic 5 DQ 1
Chronic illnesses, diseases and cancer are all detrimental to the human body, mind and spirit. Most illnesses that are not acute, take on a toll to those suffering but also their loved ones. Longterm chronic illnesses can become “normal” and loved ones can develop a sense of homeostasis with their loved ones needs and care. Chronic illness can change the dynamic of a family unit and often times the family members become caretakers and take on more responsibilities to make up for their sick family member. This can lead to resentment and if a child is taking on this role, it can change the trajectory of their own life. The patient may undergo physical pain, depression, feelings of hopelessness, guilt and changes in the the physical sense that can alter their self-esteem. Family members may be put in difficult situations where they have to make life-changing decisions on behalf of their loved one and this can be extremely stressful. Communication is vital and everybody needs a support system in these matters. The patient and the caregivers. Things like therapy, groups, and relaxation techniques are great tools to distress and help cope.
DQ 2
4) T.A e: Topic 5 DQ 2
Class, Many cancers are associated with the same lifestyle choices such as, diet, exercise, alcohol consumption, and maintaining a proper body weight. Cancers such as esophageal, colon, breast, liver, ovarian, pancreas, and uterine all mention the importance of a healthy lifestyle to reduce your risk (Liebman, 2019). Maintaining a proper healthy weight has the ability to reduce the stress on your heart and give your body overall health. Exercise is a great way to reduce stress and providing the body with oxygen-rich blood supply, and means of keeping your body active. Eating healthy foods gives your body all the nutrition to build healthy cells and repair the body when injured or sick. It also allows the body to build a strong immune system to fight bacteria and illnesses when you do get sick. Choosing not to smoke and staying away from secondhand smoke can reduce your chances of heart damage, as well as lung damage. The carcinogens found in cigarettes are known to be deadly to the body. Limiting alcohol can reduce your risk of cancers as well. The damage to kidneys and liver can occur causing cirrhosis, cancers and even death. We cannot stop from aging, which is a factor for many cancers such as prostate, breast, colon, and esophageal, but we can make better choices on how we live. Being proactive in our health can prevent cancers or perhaps get early diagnosis, so we have a better chance of survival after diagnosis. Our environment we live in also plays a factor in getting cancer. Working in a mining industry, rubber manufacturing building, Agriculture and forestry careers, or those who are exposed to carcinogens such as formaldehyde, arsenic, or carbon monoxide. People who have higher exposure to the suns UV light are also at higher risk, such as pilots and lifeguards. Having a family history of some cancers cause family members to be at higher risk of being diagnosed, such as colon cancer, breast cancer, pancreas, and prostate cancers (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). There are also some people who are born with mutations of the genes. It is possible that a mutation of the gene can make that gene stop working, and cause cancer. Again, living a healthy lifestyle and having a relationship with a primary doctor can reduce your chances of cancer, or could increase your risk of survival if you do get cancer (Karavasiloglou, Pestoni, Wanner, Faeh, & Rohrmann, (2019). Those who were diagnosed with cancer and maintained a healthy weight, maintained an exercise regiment, and ate a well-balanced diet had a less chance of mortality over those who did not life a healthy lifestyle with cancer (Karavasiloglou, Pestoni, Wanner, Faeh, & Rohrmann, (2019). Even if your family has a history of cancer, there are many ways to prevent it. Avoid risky behaviors, get regular care from a physician, eat a well-balanced diet (reduce red meat intake), stay away from tobaccos, be active and maintain a healthy weight. Tracy References Karavasiloglou, N., Pestoni, G., Wanner, M., Faeh, D., & Rohrmann, S. (2019). Healthy lifestyle is inversely associated with mortality in cancer survivors: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). PLoS ONE, 14(6), 111.https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218048 LIEBMAN, B. (2019). HOW TO LOWER YOUR RISK OF CANCER. (cover story). Nutrition Action Health Letter, 46(3), 37. Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (9thed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119299486 http://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wiley-and-sons/2016/health-psychology_biopsychosocial-interactions_9e.php
5) T.E Re: Topic 5 DQ 2
Hello, Class. Lifestyle or behavior choices associated with cancer include smoking, diet, obesity, and physical activity (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). Some lifestyle choices can cause stress, which can also play a role in the development and course of cancer (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). People can prevent some cancers by having a balanced, nutritional diet, keep a healthy weight, and exercise at three to four times a week (Sarafino & Smith, 2017). If someone is smoking, completely stopping can begin to show improvement in the lungs. There are people that consider themselves sun worshippers, but too much sun can cause skin cancer. The way to prevent this type of cancer is to limit exposure to the suns UV rays, use a sun block with a high SPF, wear a wide-brim hat, and if possible, long sleeves and pants. References: Sarafino, E., & Smith, T. (2017). Health psychology: Biopsychosocial interactions (9th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN-13: 9781119299486 http://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/wiley-and-sons/2016/health-psychology_biopsychosocial-interactions_9e.php
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• The purpose of this course is not to transform an unethical person into an ethical person.
• This is a task that no human can do. Rather, it is to help ethically well-intended government managers and employees avoid and, when the occasion calls for it, extricate( remove) themselves from a morally challenging situation.
• Another purpose of this course is to provide organizational leaders with a perspective on managing, not controlling, individuals who work in the service of community and governance.
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Service, ethics, and trust are interrelated values that inform public administration practices
Introduction
Key values in public administration:
These values constitute prime components of the social construct underpinning all government activity, including prescriptions for high standards of behavior.
Service, ethics, and trust:
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Inspiring public trust.
• The behavior of those who deliver public services is an important factor for citizens’ trust, support, and participation in government.
• Ethical, effective, and equitable public services have been shown to inspire public trust.
• This trust facilitates the collaborative partnership that must exist between public servants and citizens to achieve good governance
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Public Expectations:
• Citizens expect public servants to pursue the public interest.
• They also expect them to manage public resources for the common good.
• Failure to live up to these expectations affects public trust and support for public service.
– The relationships between ethics, service, and trust are mutually reinforcing ethical behavior establishes trust in government, which in turn establishes and strengthens support for public service.
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Living up to the public trust:
• Living up to the public trust is much more than just an act of compliance.
• It also involves perceiving, preventing, avoiding, and resolving accusations of illegal or unethical behavior, including appearances of inappropriate behavior.
• A system of public service ethics must prevail that empowers public servants with the prudence to not only do more than what is publicly required but also do less than what might be privately permissible.
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Tools that Support Public Service Ethics:
• Professional codes of ethics, ethics laws, ethics surveys, ethics seminars, and numerous other programs have been put forth to help achieve this type of behavior.
• Some programs focus on helping organizations develop ethical initiatives that are meaningful, obtainable, measurable, and sustainable.
• Other programs promote the alignment of actual behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes with stated organizational values to help achieve a culture of integrity and trust.
• Also prevalent are enforcement practices that rely on internal control systems and other instruments that create a preventive environment to obstruct or resist misconduct.
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Understanding ethics and governance
• Ethics are involved in all manner of public activities, such as protecting us from criminals, ensuring that confidential information does not get in the wrong hands, keeping us safe from man-made and environmental hazards, and much more.
• Ethical behavior , is of paramount importance.
• Ethical behavior includes:
1-respect for citizens
2- the promotion of democratic values such as citizen participation in governance
3-commitment to the rule of law.
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• We expect those who occupy elected and appointed offices in our government to be ethical in carrying out their duties. In fact, the government have gone to considerable length to ensure that the public’s business is conducted properly. How?
• They have created ethics oversight agencies and adopted laws, ordinances, rules, and ethics codes to encourage ethical behavior.
• Although these measures are useful and have a proper place, they are frequently insufficient. Following rules, regulations, and the law to stay out of trouble is important, but it is the moral minimum.
Obstacles to rising above the Moral Minimum
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leadership myopia
lack of top management awareness of misconduct
the combined punch of history
and culture ethical illiteracy
Rising above the Moral Minimum( overcoming 4 main obstacles): • There are four obstacles that must be overcome by governments at
all levels to ensure that the workforce can rise above the moral minimum.
• The first significant obstacle is leadership myopia (meaning shortsightedness)—that is, failing to recognize the importance of ethics in getting the work of government done.
• Government does not exist to produce a product called “ethics.” Rather, government is expected to provide and produce valued public goods and services, such as justice, safety, security, transportation, clean air and water, parks and recreation, safe food and drugs, emergency services, and many, many more .
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First obstacle: leadership myopia
• Thus, it is not surprising that many government leaders do not place a high priority on ethics and typically recognize its importance only after there has been a serious ethical lapse.
• When put on place of high priority, ethics is the cornerstone of effective, efficient, democratic governance.
• “Ethics may be only instrumental, it may be only a means to an end, but it is a necessary means to an end,”
• The challenge is to ensure that one understands the importance of ethics in carrying out the work of government and then act on that understanding.
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A second obstacle is lack of top management awareness of misconduct • As unimaginable as this may be, many high level officials do not know
what is happening in their organizations.
•
• No government, of course, wants to encourage its workers to become vigilantes who take it upon themselves to police misconduct.
• Nonetheless, organizational leaders must find the ways and means to be informed of misconduct before a culture of ethical failure takes hold.
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A third obstacle is the combined punch of history and culture. • Organizational scholars are quick to point out the enormous influence
of the past on the present.
• Governments with a checkered history in ethical governance are unlikely to be transformed overnight.
• Indeed, historical norms can be deeply rooted in a culture that resists change and fosters benign neglect or, worse, permits outright unethical behavior.
• The phrase “this is how we do things around here” means just that— keep doing things the same way. The challenge is to find leaders who are able and willing to break with the culture of the past.
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A fourth obstacle is ethical illiteracy:
• Leaders and followers who are unable “to grasp fully the intricacies of complex ethical issues and to see all of the consequences of one’s actions” suffer from ethical illiteracy.
• It commonly surfaces when issues are seen from a fatally narrow and limited legal perspective.
• A large illiteracy blind spot can produce tunnel vision that severely damages county’s reputation as a fair and equitable provider of public goods and services.
• The challenge in overcoming this obstacle is to think and act outside the box of what the law requires. Sound ethical judgment calls for more than meeting the moral minimum of the law.
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• Many government managers understand that ethics and integrity are essential qualities that managers must embrace in order to be successful.
• No other public service knowledge or skill (budgeting, program evaluation, public-private partnerships, and so forth) was ranked even closely to ethics and integrity in terms of its importance for public service.
• Successful managers understand that one’s integrity is at the core of managing “without fear or favor.”
What can be done to encourage ethical behavior and prevent misconduct?
• Agencies typically adopt one of two approaches:
1-a compliance approach
2- an integrity approach
• With the former the far more dominant
• 1- A compliance approach depends heavily on rules and practices that, if followed, are designed to keep members of the organization out of trouble.
• Behavior deemed acceptable or unacceptable is defined for the employee usually in the form of rules or admonishments( warning or advices).
• Rules are typically placed in personnel manuals, codes of conduct, and new employee orientation sessions
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Approaches to encourage ethical behavior and prevent misconduct?
A compliance approach
An integrity approach
Fusion model
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A compliance approach(…..continued)
• Many governments require their employees to sign a statement that they have read and will abide by the acceptable behavior rules of the organization.
• Those who break the rules are presumed to do so out of ignorance or willful intention.
• The latter is viewed as more serious and can result in penalties ranging from a letter of reprimand to suspension with or without pay to getting fired.
• Those who commit misconduct out of ignorance are treated less harshly but are expected to reform themselves.
• Ignorance is not an excuse for misconduct as it is correctable.
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• Detection is the key to a successful compliance approach and can, if not implemented in a sensitive manner, foster an unhealthy “gotcha” culture ( a culture of uncovering faults).
• Figure 1.1 illustrates the key components of a compliance approach. As detection and punishment increase misconduct is expected to decrease
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A compliance approach is popular and widely adopted for several reasons:
1. It is straightforward. Rules and penalties can be drafted and put into place with ease in most instances.
However, implementing an effective detection system can be challenging as it can turn into a negative influence if it encourages a “tattle- tale” culture( a culture of reporting on each other for personal gain). 2. Training and education can be developed that focuses on rules, detection, and penalties. 3. This approach often appears low cost once rules and guidelines are drafted. Monitoring compliance, however, is not necessarily cheap. 4. It presumes that with enough “dos” and “don’ts” most errant(devious) behavior can be deterred. In other words, the focus is on preventing unacceptable behavior.
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2- An integrity approach:
• An integrity approach, in contrast to a compliance approach, empowers the individual to make value judgments about right and wrong.
• It is value driven rather than rule driven.
• It presumes that there are not always, maybe even seldom, bright lines to help one choose the right thing to do. One must learn how to deal with ethical challenges.
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The integrity approach continues……
• What are the values that drive an integrity approach?
• One way to answer this question is to look empirically at what several communities actually do. Figure 1.2 lists the values.
• These values do not exhaust the universe of values but they are reasonably inclusive.
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Explanations of figure 1.3
• Figure 1.3 provides a more detailed specification of the integrity model.
• As is evident from the four cornerstones—leadership, awareness, culture, and aspirations—the integrity model responds to the organization’s mission and is supported by appropriate education and training to ensure that decisions are reached in an ethical manner and achieve ethical results.
• This model is comprehensive and reflects interdependency among the key elements. In this sense, it offers a systemic approach to building and sustaining a strong ethics culture.
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Integrity vs. Compliance
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The principal weakness of the integrity approach, critics might contend, is a reliance on the reasoning ability and “goodness” of members of the organization.
By contrast, the compliance approach emphasizes the dark side of human nature— that is, given the opportunity, people will opt for behavior that is questionable and perhaps crosses over to the unethical.
The fusion model
• These approaches are not necessarily polar opposites.
• Rather, it is possible to blend the best of both in a “fusion” (combined model).
• Carol W. Lewis and Stuart C. Gilman describe the fusion model as “a two-pronged (two- part), systematic approach that ‘incorporates both compliance with formal standards and the promotion of individual ethical responsibility’.”
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Ethics Defined
• There are endless ethics moments throughout life, those occasions when we just don’t know what to do in a “right” and “wrong” situation and sometimes, in a “right” and “right” situation.
• They occur in our private lives and our professional work. And, it is much easier to stumble(accidentally fall )into an ethics moment than it is to find a way out.
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Common ethical questions?
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Why should I care?
I’m an ethical person. Are you?
Have you never told a lie? Bent the truth a tad(little)?
Doctored(manipulate) an expense voucher? Turned your head when you witnessed an unethical act by a friend or coworker?
Enhanced a resume?
Inflated a performance evaluation?
Fudged( cheating) on an exam?
Made unpleasant remarks about someone because of their sexual orientation, race, religion, or ethnic belief?
Treated another person disrespectfully?
Following your ethical compass
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Following your ethical compass
Chances are you have done some of these things. • Does that make you a “bad” person? Not necessarily. But it may mean that
your ethical compass is a bit not firm and unreliable. • As a human being, it is an unending challenge to keep your ethical compass
pointed true north. • Humans err—sometimes with maliciousness ( with evil intension) in mind
but most of the time we make misjudgments out of ignorance, intolerance, plain stupidity, or the inability to reason through a complicated ethical situation.
• The vast majority of government employees try to do the right thing most of the time.
• Still, a small number of unethical employees can wreak havoc (cause damage/ disrupt) government agency.
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Why is ethical behavior difficult?
• If most of us are ethically well intended, what is the problem?
• It’s not always easy to figure out what the right thing is, especially in complex organizations that have come to dominate modern governance.
• Rules and regulations, even laws, are helpful, but doing the right thing often means doing more than just following the rules.
• “If men were angels, no government would be necessary,”
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Defining Ethics
• If men and women were angels, there would be no reason to concern ourselves with ethics. But … humans roam(travel) the earth, not the heavens, so ethics are indispensable.
• Ethics is a term invoked( call upon it) with considerable frequency in the professions, government, and the corporate world.
• But how might we define ethics? There are many definitions. Some define ethics as “morality in action”; others assert ethics involves “a consensus of moral principles.”
• James Norden offers this definition: “Ethics are the internal rules that drive one to follow or not to follow external rules. Of course, this definition works best when morals are the external rules”.
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Elements of Ethics
• The definition used in this course is: “Ethics are values and principles that guide right and wrong behavior.”
• The key elements of this definition are :
(1) values and principles
(2) behavior
(3) right and wrong 37
1-Values and Principles
• A value can be an idea, object, practice, or almost anything else that we attach worth to.
• Ethics do not encompass all values. Consider money or status as a value. Most of us attach worth to money and status but we don’t call them values that are essential to a definition of ethics.
• A value that is translated into an ethic can be thrift (spending carefully), cleanliness, piety (taqwa), work, justice, prudence (being cautious), compassion, charity, courage, benevolence, and so on.
• A principle is a prescription for action. Consider the Golden Rule or treat people with dignity or tell the truth or treat others with fairness.
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• Values and principles are also defined by the professions—medicine, law, clergy, accounting, engineering, and others.
• These values and principles can be classified broadly as public service values and principles.
• All call for their members to respect the law, promote the public interest, and serve with integrity. At the same time, more specific behaviors can be proscribed (prohibited).
• Example: Government employees should not endorse commercial products or services by agreeing to use their photograph, endorsement, or quotation in paid or other commercial advertisements, whether or not for compensation.
2-Behavior
• Ethics is not a spectator sport; it is a contact sport. Ethics is about behavior and consequences.
• Thinking unethical thoughts is possible, but until those thoughts become translated into behavior, there are no consequences to define “right” or “wrong.”
• Ethics shares with law the notion that it is behavior that matters foremost.
• Ethics is sometimes equated with morality, as the above definitions suggest. However, the act of thinking immoral thoughts can be defined as immoral itself
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3-Right and wrong • The vast majority of government employees and public officials are
conscientious, dedicated, ethical persons who carry out their day-to- day work competently and with pride.
• Yet, as the cases and controversies in this course illustrate, there are many paths and pitfalls that can ensnare (trap) even the most ethically well-intentioned person.
• A collection of rules, regulations, and laws certainly help individuals stay on an ethical path, but no matter how complex an organizational situation might be, it is up to the individual to exercise his moral agency (moral personal initiative).
• That is why ethical reasoning is so important.
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Individual vs. organizational moral agency
• Without the ability to reason through a situation, one is largely left to the moral agency of the organization to determine “right” from “wrong.”
• If the individual is taken to the dark side of organizational life, his moral agency might be stripped away entirely.
• “What’s good for the organization is good for me” might be the common opinion—a dangerous supposition (assumption) for sure.
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Ethics in action: Practices that ensure an individual’s moral agency • Progressive leaders and managers understand the dangers that hide in the
“shadow of organization” and have instituted practices that ensure an individual’s moral agency is not sacrificed for the sake of organizational self-interest.
• What are those practices? • First and foremost is exemplary leadership: • Those who pronounce that their supervisors and street-level workers must
adhere to the highest ethical standards in the conduct of their work must themselves adhere to those same standards.
• Leaders must be exemplars in their personal and professional lives. Easier said than done? Certainly, but it is essential.
• Much the same can be said about peer leadership. Middle managers or even the cop on the beat must demonstrate day-in and day-out his commitment to ethical behavior. Failure to do so can result in organizations without integrity.
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Mini case of ethics in action:
• Elected officeholders can also serve as exemplars( mini case on exemplary leadership):
• Bader ran successfully for office on a platform of bringing ethical government to his community, yet was soon embarrassingly sitting before the city “Ethics Board” accused of violating the city’s ethics code. What happened?
• He found himself in a situation in which he needed to get his daughter to summer camp and, at the same time, negotiate an agreement for a local option sales tax.
• His assistant volunteered to help and drove his daughter to camp—on city time! The city manager advised the mayor that he may have committed an ethics violation.
• Forty-five minutes later, Bader realized that the city manager could be correct, so, embarrassed by this ethical lapse, he took out his pen and filed an ethics complaint against himself.
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• After subsequent deliberation by the Ethics Board, it was determined that no formal reprimand was necessary, but that Bader should reimburse the city for the assistant’s time away from the office.
• Mayor Bader readily complied and reimbursed the city $8.94.
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Second, ethics training is becoming more common than uncommon. • Management consultants and university faculty are often recruited to provide
training workshops. This training is not limited to laws, rules, and regulations.
• Training programs usually emphasize what the law says about:
(1) a conflict of interest
(2) what “having financial interests” means in a day-to-day, practical sense
(3) the meaning of personal honesty
(4) how to address ethics complaints
(5) the balance of law and individual rights process.
Knowledge of ethics laws is necessary but, as noted before, is not sufficient
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• Ethics training sessions include:
1.normative ethics theories such as utilitarianism, principle or duty- based ethics, and virtue theory
2.The concept of ethical reasoning knowledge and skills
3.The topic of transparency in government affairs
*Ethics training sessions conducted through cases and group discussion
Third: code of ethics.
• Many governments have chosen to adopt a high standard that is expressed in their own code of ethics .
• Elected and appointed public managers hold very positive attitudes toward codes of ethics.
• The conventional wisdom is that codes have a positive influence in governance, especially in deterring unethical acts by ethically motivated public servants.
• That is, unethical officials are likely to be unethical regardless of whether a code exists, but those who want to be ethical find a code helpful in guiding their behavior
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Fourth: Ethics Audits
• The motivation for adopting a code is often a series of unethical behaviors or a scandal.
• Fourth, governments are increasingly conducting ethics audits, which can be described as an “appraisal activity, the purpose being to determine if changes need to be made in the climate, environment, codes, and the enforcement of ethics policies.”
• An ethics audit is not an accounting or financial management audit. Rather, it is a tool for benchmarking the strength of the organization’s ethical culture and putting in place organizational initiatives to build an organization of integrity. Case 1.1 (to be discussed), “Escape from an Ethics Swamp,” provides a detailed example of how a public manager rebuilt an organization that had fallen into an unethical situation.
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• An ethics audit might also include an assessment of occupational risk or vulnerability. That is, some organizational work is inherently vulnerable to unethical abuse if not criminal wrongdoing.
• For example, occupational work that involves the handling and processing of financial matters, purchasing and contracting, conducting inspections, and enforcing rules and regulations are high risk, especially for workers whose ethical compass is not right in the first place.
• A systematic assessment of the ethical risk factor of work is a necessary first step in putting into place appropriate accountability and transparency mechanisms. It is also a valuable step in identifying training priorities.
Fifth, recruiting and promoting employees
• Recruiting and promoting employees based in part on their adherence to ethical standards is growing. Personnel decisions—hiring, evaluating, promoting, firing—are essential features of all organizations.
• There are strong advocates of raising the ethical awareness of employees through hiring, evaluation, and promotion.
• For example, one manager advocates installing an ethical consciousness in the organization through the use of codes, audits, committees, and weekly staff meetings.
• “It is advantageous,” the advocate claims, “to use weekly staff meetings to review all discussions and decisions for ethical implications. When a potential problem is identified, a staff member can be assigned to clarify the issue and develop a strategy for resolving it at the next meeting.”
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A comprehensive approach toward strengthening the ethics
culture in public governance is represented by the following:
1-exemplary leadership
2- ethics training
3- codes
4-audits
5- personnel selection processes that incorporate a standard of conduct
• This is not wishful thinking; this is happening around the world
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“What happens when ethics is relegated to the sidelines?”
• The consequences for individuals and the organization can range from a loss of self-respect, to heightened organizational tensions, to embarrassment, and, in a worse case scenario , a scandal that grinds the organization to the ground.
• Cases 1.2 and 1.3 .
• No one is found guilty of breaking the law In either of these cases but did they cross over an ethical line? Read the cases and decide for yourself.
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• Ethical awareness is the essential starting point for keeping yourself and your organization out of harm’s way.
• The next step, which is often quite difficult, is to take action when a colleague or superior’s behavior becomes ethically problematic.
• Moral muteness or turning one’s head when an ethical violation happens is a common type of inaction and could be a sign of ethical insensitivity and poor ethical awareness.
• But this lack of action has a price for the individual and the organization. Sometimes the failure to act corrupts the individual’s integrity and the integrity of coworkers.
• And the resultant drift toward an amoral (being neither moral nor immoral) organizational culture endangers the organization’s mission.
Excercise An ethics test for government employees • 1. An inspector is asked to approve construction work that does not comply with the
city’s building codes. In exchange, the contractor offers tickets to an upcoming concert. Should you accept the tickets? Yes/No
• 2. Your relative wants to set up a snow removal business and in addition to other contracts, they want to have a contract with the city. You work for the department that issues this type of contract, but not in the contract section. Should you declare a conflict of interest? Yes/No
• 3. You have a business in addition to your job with the city. You spend time on the telephone arranging business deals, contacting suppliers and potential clients. Your work for the city suffers because of the amount of time spent on your private business. Is this ethical? Yes/No
• 4. You have learned several specialized skills working for the city. Another local government learns of your talent and wants you to work for them, “moonlighting” on the weekends, if you are not called in by your employer to work on an emergency problem. Should you “moonlight”—that is, work part-time for the other city? Yes/No
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• 5. A department head or city council member contacts you for information about how a city service is handled. You provide the information to the department head or the city council member who made the request. You then send additional information directly to the citizen who had contacted the director or city council member. Should you have sent the additional information? Yes/No
• 6. You spend several hours during the week using the city supplied computer to download information on a relative’s medical condition. Is this ethical? Yes/No
• 7. A health inspector arrives at a restaurant during the start of the lunch hour. Several violations are noted during the inspection. The manager offers the employee lunch in exchange for waiting to write up the inspection, asking for time to make the needed corrections after the lunch hour. Should the employee accept the free lunch? Yes/No
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• 8. You have inspected a building and find items that do not meet the city’s building codes. You write up your inspection and then leave. The contractor contacts you, does not like your answer, and asks to speak to your supervisor. They discuss the situation and find another option that will meet the building codes and not cost the contractor a whole lot of money. Is the supervisor’s action ethical? Yes/No
• 9. You inspect a restaurant just after they have had a spill of grease in the kitchen. It has contaminated surfaces and food. The kitchen staff is busy throwing out food and sanitizing surfaces. You tell the manager you will wait until the kitchen order is restored before conducting your inspection. Is this ethical? Yes/No
• 10. You are asked to provide a special service to someone, for example, to just let him or her ride with you, in your city vehicle, for a private (not city related) purpose. Is this ethical? Yes/No
• 11. A manager in another department comes to you and asks that you handle a matter outside of the normal process and it is a service that not everyone in the city would get. The manager states that the person needing help is a very important person and the normal rules and procedures don’t apply to their request. Should you handle the matter as requested? Yes/No
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Select one of the following theories that you feel best applies to treating the client in the case study:
Person-Centered
Existential
Gestalt
Write a 750-1,000-word analysis of the case study using the theory you chose. Include the following in your analysis.
What concepts of the theory make it the most appropriate for the client in the case study?
Why did you choose this theory over the others?
What will be the goals of counseling and what intervention strategies are used to accomplish those goals?
Is the theory designed for short- or long-term counseling?
What will be the counselor’s role with this client?
What is the client’s role in counseling?
For what population(s) is this theory most appropriate? How does this theory address the social and cultural needs of the client?
What additional information might be helpful to know about this case?
What may be a risk in using this approach?
Include at least three scholarly references in your paper.
Each response to the assignment prompts should be addressed under a separate heading in your paper. Refer to “APA Headings and Seriation,” located on the Purdue Owl website for help in formatting the headings.
Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Application of Person-Centered Theory to Ana’s Case
(Course Instructor)
(University Affiliation)
(Student’s Name)
(Date)
Application of Person-Centered to Ana’s Case
The Person-Centered Theory (PCT)
Developed by Carl Rogers in 1940s, the person-centered theory is a treatment approach, which advocates for an increased active role by the counselors (Seligman, 2004, P. 197). According to the author, the PCT rests on the principle that offering clients with genuine relationship in which the feel valued, understood, and accepted, their self-esteem will grow, which will allow them to employ their own resources to help themselves. The PCT is best suited for the client’s case because it is focused on the person rather than the problems and owing to its focus in growing the person and not only solving the problems.
The Concepts of PCT that Makes it Appropriate for Ana’s Case
The major concepts of the PCT that makes it appropriate for Ana’s case include the concepts of self-actualization, self-structure and conditions of self-worth. According to (Capuzzi & Stauffer, 2016, p. 172) the concept of self-actualization is at the centre of PCT, where human often strive to obtain the best for themselves. It is through the use of the concept of self-actualization that the treatment using the PCT will enable the client to reach her full potential and meet all her needs. Carl Rogers believed that the circumstances of worth could help in explaining the client’s suffering. Ana suffers from anxiety that can be attributed……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
First – Give your opinion on whether being an effective critical thinker makes decision making easier or more challenging. Talk about concrete decisions you had to or will have to make. Justify your response
Second – Consider the following statement: “The major difference between a successful person and one that is not successful is that the successful person, over time, tends to make better decisions than the less successful person.” Discuss whether or not you believe this statement to be true. Explain the fundamental ways in which effectively applying critical thinking concepts has helped you to become more successful
What motivated your subject to achieve whatever the person has achieved in life?
Address how this person has progressed through the hierarchy of needs defined in Maslow’s theory. Has the individual reached self-actualization?
How well does this theory apply to the individual’s life experiences? Are any of the individual’s needs addressed from the sequence defined by Maslow’s theory? Provide reasons to support your response.