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History of the national healthcare reform starting from the early days struggle for a national health plan to the present day

One of the significant challenges for health policy is not necessarily the implementation of programs but the influence of the political climate in regard to both the financial support and control of the programs.

Based on your understanding of the topic, conduct a research and create a report on the political battle for universal healthcare in the United States.

Your report should include the following elements:

  • History of the national healthcare reform starting from the early days struggle for a national health plan to the present day.
  • Political struggle to pass PPACA.
  • Political impact of Medicare and Medicaid on the push for universal coverage.
  • Major issues from the legislative and executive (presidential) perspective. Who were the opponents and supporters?
  • The politics surrounding the national health insurance agenda and its impact on the PPACA.

  cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. 

 Assignment should be addressed in an 8- to 10-page document

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The Positive and Negative Aspects of Welfare Reform

CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER

From the choices provided by the instructor, select a peer-reviewed article that most closely aligns to your interests. You will utilize the article to assist you in formulating an argument. Choose at least three other peer-reviewed/academic resources (use JSTOR through the library’s website) from your selected subject area or discipline in tandem with your selected article to prepare a critical analysis of the topic being discussed. Please prepare a somewhat detailed outline similar to the one below to help get your thoughts in order. After preparing your outline and selecting subtitles and appropriate information, you are ready to write your paper. When you submit your materials, please include your outline separately from your final paper but submit them at the same time to the same link. The purpose of an outline is to create a working document that you can then use to compose your paper. The more detailed the outline, the more easily you can write your paper. Make your outline as detailed as you can, so you can almost write your paper entirely from using your outline. It is a good habit to get into.

OUTLINE

I. Title of Paper – Your paper title should be descriptive of your topic: For Example: The Positive and Negative Aspects of Welfare Reform

II. Introduction to paper – Your subtitle to this section of the paper should be Introduction. Your introduction should indicate something similar to the following: Utilizing the article “The End of Welfare as I knew It,” (Spatz, 2013), and selected sociological literature, this paper will conduct a critical analysis of the welfare system past and present followed by recommendations of how to best revamp the system.

III. The End of Welfare as I Know it (Your subtitle for this section could be Article Summary or the name of the article you selected). Be sure as you write the summary, you cite the author of the particular article that you have selected intermittently within your review.

In this section, provide a summary of the contents of the article to be analyzed.

IV. Literature Review

In this section you will discuss your literature from your field or fields of choice to discuss the issue. Be sure that you cite (using APA formatting or whatever the appropriate formatting is for the discipline that you have selected…research your discipline to determine the appropriate formatting). Cite each of the three sources that you have selected each time that you them in the body of the paper and be sure that you include a reference page as well with the full citation at the end. Please use Purdue Owl for details on how to cite appropriately. The website is: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

V. Critical Analysis

In this section, you will use your literature (at least three separate resources) to discuss the points made by the article mixing in your own point of view (but professionally and not directly). That means, do not use personal pronouns. Do not say I, we, etc. Explain how the literature that you found discusses, agrees with, disagrees, with etc. the points made by the article that you selected from the text. When discussing the text, do not refer to it as text, refer to it by the name of the author of the article (not the editor ‘Finsterbusch’ but the author of the particular article that you selected). Do not use the first name of authors. You should references them using only their last name(s) and the year (and pages) in your paper.

VI. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

In this section, provide a summary (two to four paragraphs) of the entire paper and then provide conclusions and recommendations based on the argument you have made substantiated by your sources.

Additional Writing Directions

After you complete your outline and all of your facts and details are in order with citations, you are ready to write your paper. Since the Social Sciences Master’s degree is composed of a variety of disciplines each with their own selected writing format, you will want to look up the appropriate writing style for your discipline. In general, Anthropology and History tend to follow the Chicago style writing format while Sociology, Political Science and Psychology tend to follow the American Psychological Association (APA) format. Whichever style you select, please look up the details and be consistent. I am particularly interested in appropriate citations used in the body of the paper (to avoid plagiarism) and your reference/bibliography page.

Please read the attached document to refresh your memory and clarify plagiarism. Plagiarism is taken very seriously in the academic community and especially so in graduate school. There is no leniency when it comes to plagiarism; it is considered stealing property. In brief, plagiarism means using any information other than your own without giving appropriate credit to the source. Even if you paraphrase (put materials into your own words), if this material was composed by someone else, you must provide the citations. Most citations should include author of article, date of publication, website, journal, book, etc. that it came from. Please see your appropriate discipline’s documentation on proper citations. The internet contains excellent documentation for all popular writing style formats.

In beginning your paper, please include a separate cover sheet with your name, date, name of course, assignment and title of paper. On the first page of your paper please provide the title of your paper and then jump into your introduction. As you write your paper, follow your outline, providing the information that you indicated you would be providing in each section. I have a preference for use of subtitles, so please use subtitles as indicated in the outline. Citations should be included in the body of the paper each time information is utilized from publishes sources. Additionally, you are to have either a Reference page, Bibliography page or whatever citation page is used by your selected style format.

Please let me know if you have any questions regarding your paper.

You must follow these directions, to get the full amount of points. If you do not follow the directions, I will not grade the outline/paper and will return it to you immediately. In graduate school as in the career world, the most important thing is following directions. It can make all the difference

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What are the major reform efforts at work in the middle school?

Innovation in education may mean new and unique ideas and practices that expand students’ imaginations and pushes frontiers of their knowledge and understanding. It means finding ways you can, being willing and flexible to adjust what you teach and how you teach to keep your students engaged and excited to learn. It is also creating a safe place for them to make mistakes, take risks, and ask questions. Articulate your philosophy behind curricular decisions that are innovative and globally oriented. your work should be at least 500 words and should be a personal reflection on personal exp[erience or others’ experiences. 

References

1. Guo, Y. (2006). Why Didn’t They Show Up? Rethinking ESL Parent Involvement in K-12 Education. TESL Canada Journal, 24(1), 80 – 95. doi:https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v24i1.29

This article inquires into “Why don’t they show up at school?” The absence of ESL parents from school is often misinterpreted as parents’ lack of concern about their children’s education. However, many ESL parents indicated that they cared passionately. Instead of assuming that ESL parents do not care, educators need to understand the barriers that hinder some parents from participating in their children’s education.

2. Juvonen, J., Le, V., Kaganoff, T., Augustine, C., & Constant, L. (2004). Whole-School Reform Models. In Focus on the Wonder Years: Challenges Facing the American Middle School (pp. 98-111). Santa Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG139.sum.pdf

This text is concerned with innovations and programs designed to improve student outcomes and addresses other perceived problems at the middle school level. The following questions are addressed in this reading: (1) What are the major reform efforts at work in the middle school? (2) What are their goals and primary features? and (3) Do the reform show promise for addressing the challenges middle schools face today?

3. Hoover‐Dempsey, K., Walker, J., Sandler, H., Whetsel, D., Green, C., Wilkins, A., & Closson, K. (2005). Why Do Parents Become Involved? Research FIndings and Implications. The Elementary School Journal, 106(2), 105-130. doi:10.1086/499194. JSTOR, JSTOR www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/499194

This article inquires into “Why do parents become involved in children’s education?” Based on this review, the authors offer suggestions for (1) research that may deepen understanding of parents’ motivations for involvement and (2) school and family practices that may strengthen the incidence and effectiveness of parental involvement across varied school communities.

4. Pilegaard, M., Moroz, P., & Neergaard, H. (2010). An Auto-Ethnographic Perspective on Academic Entrepreneurship: Implications for Research in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(1), 46-61. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25682383

This paper offers insight into (a) how socio spatial contexts may be structured to better evaluate the entrepreneurial facilitation process and (b) why academic entrepreneurship in the social sciences and humanities may differ from that in the hard sciences. The findings illustrate the importance of bridging innovation using twin skills to balance research and commercial goals, and the need for codifying knowledge capacities and creating new or changing existing institutional structures to legitimize and facilitate entrepreneurial activity. The research also demonstrates the great value of auto-ethnographic techniques to bring fresh insight to the study of entrepreneurship

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Healthcare reform efforts in South America

Health Insurance Annotated Bibliography

Nina Johnson

School of Business, Liberty University

Annotated Bibliography in Health Insurance

Serrate, P. C. F., Rigoli, F., Atun, R., Frenz, P., Garcia, P., de Andrade, L. O. M., & Gomez-Dantes, O. (2014). Health-system reform and universal health coverage in Latin America.

This article examines healthcare reform efforts in South America. The authors look into the context-specific obstacles driving innovation in LAC healthcare systems and the substantiation of healthcare systems policy changes, such as health system governance and leadership, health system funding, resource planning, and provision of services. The authors highlight several key accomplishments based on these research results, including broadened Medicaid of social welfare and medical coverage, extensive coverage of health services predicated on thorough principal health care, enhancements in health results, insurance coverage, and gratification.

Borgonovi, E., & Compagni, A. (2013). They are sustaining universal health coverage: the interaction of social, political, and economic sustainability. Value in health, 16(1), S34-S38.

The article highlights what most experts believe regarding sustainable economic growth when they imagine achieving sustainable development. Nevertheless, it is critical to recognize that sustainability has social and political aspects. According to the strategy commentary and analysis in this article, economic insufficiency could be utilized to subvert political and socially sustainable development. They assert compellingly that assessing management strategies should play a larger role in evaluating financial viability.

Drummond, M., Tarricone, R., & Torbica, A. (2013). Assessing the added value of health technologies: reconciling different perspectives. Value in Health, 16(1), S7-S13.

The article by Drummond, Tarricone, and Torbica discusses the difficulties that UHC structures encounter in providing access to expensive technological innovations. It sheds some light on the connection between health technology appraisal and universal health insurance. The authors highlight the innate pressure that persists among the relevant parties, such as patients, payers, and innovators of new technologies.

Evans, D. B., Marten, R., & Etienne, C. (2012). Universal health coverage is a development issue. The Lancet, 380(9845), 864-865.

Even though social and ecological variables have an influence on health, sustaining and enhancing health is both an aspect and a predictor of sustainability because improved health corresponds significantly to human development. Keeping folks healthy, high-quality healthcare mechanisms with universal coverage safeguard people from ailments, promote economic growth and combat poverty. They also help maintain peaceful coexistence by assuring the citizens that services are accessible in the circumstance of illness. As a result, one of the prerequisites for sustainable growth must be to assist countries in moving nearer to universal health care.

Frank, J. (2015). Leading the way towards universal health coverage: a call to action. The Lancet, 385(9975), 1352-1358.

The invite to intervention underscores the next stages that could assist Latin America, and the remainder of the undeveloped nations achieve the objective of universal health care. Because of the complexity and scale of Latin America’s hurdles, current policy inventions, and distributed health complications with the poorest countries, teachings from South America could be implemented to other nations and wider conversations of global health restructuring.

Garrison, L. P. (2013). Universal health coverage—big thinking versus big data. Value in Health, 16(1), S1-S3.

This is the first of 8 articles in a special edition highlighting the variety of methods and methods used by social sciences to comprehend and satisfy the emerging obstacles of a progressively intricate and worldwide healthcare setting. All in all, the new issue focuses on the many aspects and concerns surrounding the broadly sought-after objective of Universal health care. The publications primarily discuss big thoughts predicated on a small number of “attributes,” that is, commonly kept suppositions regarding actions, often premised on a comprehensive evaluation of our understanding.

Horton, R. (2014). Offline: WHO offers a new future for sustainable development. The Lancet, 383(9932), 1872.

The article is about WHO responding to incredible demand from nations by emphasizing UHC post-2015. Dr Chan has defied the conservative politics of some funders who view Universal health care as a philosophy rather than a scheme that can be implemented. WHO also establishes four goals. To begin, the goal is to “accomplish the MDGs for infant, kid, and maternity care, as well as major infectious diseases.” “Confront the hardship of noncommunicable, concussions, and psychiatric disorder,” says the second sub-goal. The third goal is to “improve healthcare quality with financial threat safety.”

Horton, R., & Das, P. (2014). Universal health coverage: not why, what, or when–but how?. Lancet (London, England), 385(9974), 1156-1157.

The debate over universal health coverage has been on the winning end and is gaining rapidly. Still, the assignment of providing Universal health care to the nations in need of adaptable healthcare systems has only just begun. But a slight headway has been made in the domain of complicated policy formulation. UHC is no longer a question of “how, which one, or even when.” It is today a matter of “how.” The major disparity for nations attempting to provide UHC is connectivity to a library of understanding, insight, and funds aid in decision-making.

Kruk, M. E. (2013). Universal health coverage: a policy whose time has come. BMJ, 347. Health care insurance is both the right and logical idea to do. It moves nations closer to acknowledging a person’s right to health, a worldwide dedication made yet still unmet in many nations. Furthermore, it is an effective method of financing healthcare. Getting more health out of healthcare investment portfolios reduces clients’ economic strain. Individuals in middle and low nations are progressively demanding good healthcare, according to a current study of Asian and African survey participants. This growing attention comes as low-income nations’ economy expands and taxpayers demand more from their authorities, such as a greater social welfare system.

Reich, M. R., Harris, J., Ikegami, N., Maeda, A., Cashin, C., Araujo, E. C., & Evans, T. G. (2016). Moving towards universal health coverage: lessons from 11 country studies. The Lancet, 387(10020), 811-816.

This book summarizes the thoughts and feelings of 11 nations in trying to implement initiatives and approaches to accomplish and sustain global health insurance: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Peru, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. These nations portray a wide range of geographic and economic circumstances. Still, they have all dedicated themselves to Universal health care as a major strategic ambition, are pursuing it in various aspects, and are at various phases of attaining or maintaining it.

McKee, M., Balabanova, D., Basu, S., Ricciardi, W., & Stuckler, D. (2013). Universal health coverage: a quest for all countries but under threat in some. Value in Health, 16(1), S39-S45.

McKee et al. (2013) examine the prospective fragile nature of UHC by combining prior analysis of data with huge thoughts regarding historical events. This article explains how many advanced and developing nations have accomplished universal care. They trawl through the information to track the following five important resources that facilitate UHC: the grit of labor unions and the left-wing parties that portray it and access to resources.

Dellinger, R. P., Levy, M. M., Rhodes, A., Annane, D., Gerlach, H., Opal, S. M., & Moreno, R. (2013). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive care medicine, 39(2), 165-228.

A workable health system is critical to achieving health insurance, and this has been the subject of current declarations by activist groups and other groups around the world. The central factor for low- and middle-income nations’ health systems is providing greater financial security for households. The vital funding question would be whether the majority of the people will pay.

Missoni, E. (2013). Understanding the impact of global trade liberalization on health systems pursuing universal health coverage. Value in Health, 16(1), S14-S18.

Missoni’s article is a reflective policy piece investigating the future effects of the global economic reform on UHC. The article examines the potential negative effects of world trade on every of WHO’s six health framework basic components: customer service, integrated health, details, medical supplies, immunizations, innovations, funding, and management and leadership. While commerce and understanding synergies, such as the advantage of reduced, first-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV, could indeed support developing nations, the article recognizes several potential negative consequences.

Mulley, A., Evans, T., & Binagwaho, A. (2013). Meeting the challenges of providing universal health coverage. BMJ, 347.

Inclusive and inexpensive universal medical insurance, as well as advancements in individual’s health, could be attained by simply broadening and ramping up history’s “one-piece suit all” patient care designs. According to the 2010 World Health Organization report, 20-40% of existing medical spending is squandered. This squandering stems from both the failings to provide treatment safely and efficiently, as well as the overexploitation of services that surpasses what individuals would desire if they were notified of the options and the results.

Savedoff, W. D., de Ferranti, D., Smith, A. L., & Fan, V. (2012). Political and economic aspects of the transition to universal health coverage. The Lancet, 380(9845), 924-932.

This paper investigates the backgrounds of universal health insurance in 4 nations: Sweden, Japan, Chile, and Malaysia. It demonstrates that domestic stresses for normative medical access are extraordinarily diverse, pervasive, and tenacious. Second, global medical insurance is always associated with a substantial government role, although the involvement can take many shapes. Thirdly, the route to global health insurance is ad hoc, resulting from bargaining rather than layout. Eventually, universal medical insurance is achieved gradually and gradually over time.

Temkin, L. S. (2014). Universal Health Coverage: Solution or Siren? Some Preliminary Thoughts. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 31(1), 1-22.

This article relates explicitly to the burgeoning wave of support for the notion that UHC ought to be available to all people, including those in developing nations. While the writer supports the ultimate goal of achieving UHC worldwide as early as possible, the article conveys Temkin’s concerns about “whether the world’s wealthy nations, or organizations such as the World Health Organization, should be pressing the world’s poorest nations to take whatever measures are critical to achieve that objective.”

Campbell, J., Buchan, J., Cometto, G., David, B., Dussault, G., Fogstad, H., Fronteira, I., Lozano, R., Nyonator, F., Pablos-Méndez, A., Quain, E. E., Starrs, A., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2013). Human resources for health and universal health coverage: fostering equity and effective coverage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(11), 853–863. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.118729

Everybody has the right to health, and domestic universal health care schemes must encompass checks and balances from the start to guarantee that providers (private and public) run the service equitably. Financial threat safeguarding is insufficient to guarantee quality care. Patient encounters should be considered when assessing the level of services. To resolve the incomplete MDGs and guarantee the sustainable growth of the rewards, national health and wellbeing planning must prioritize equity and inclusion of the most vulnerable groups.

Attaran, A., & Capron, A. M. (2014). Universal health coverage and health laws. Lancet, 383(9911), 25.

According to Attaran and Capron (2014), the WHO has exacerbated the issue by quietly discontinuing its IDHL, a compendium of health regulations that started in 1948. Moreover, for months, the webpage has been “momentarily” inaccessible. The authors urge WHO to update its catalogue of health regulations and provide aimed recommendations on legal best practices to achieve universal health insurance that it has an express obligation to do under the WHO Constitution but has sadly overlooked.

Fattore, G., & Tediosi, F. (2013). The importance of values in shaping how health systems gover nance and management can support universal health coverage. Value in Health, 16(1), S19-S23.

A notable example of a conceptual thought piece is Fattore and Tadiosi’s article on cultural norms and their involvement in governance regarding UHC. They present a plausible hypothesis for how distinct underpinning cultural norms can result in societies choosing governance and management frameworks that are somewhat cordial to UHC. They differentiate between “administration” and “leadership,” with the former focusing on operating processes and the latter on how rules and practices are established and implemented.

Ooms, G., Marten, R., Waris, A., Hammonds, R., Mulumba, M., & Friedman, E. A. (2014). Great expectations for the World Health Organization: a Framework Convention on Global Health to achieve universal health coverage. Public health, 128(2), 173-178.

Constructing a reform plan for the World Health Organization (WHO) necessitates comprehension of the institution’s position within the larger global healthcare system and the goals of that larger global health scheme. This paper focuses on a single goal: accomplishing universal health insurance. The goal is to explain why attaining UHC necessitates something more like a Framework Convention on Global Health, why WHO is in a rare position to welcome in an FCGH, and what particular initiatives would assist WHO presume this responsibility.

References

Attaran, A., & Capron, A. M. (2014). Universal health coverage and health laws. Lancet, 383(9911), 25.

Borgonovie, E., & Compagni, A. (2013). They are Sustaining Universal Health Coverage: The Interaction of Social, Political, and Economic Sustainability. Value in Health, 16(1), S34-S38.

Campbell, J., Buchan, J., Cometto, G., David, B., Dussault, G., Fogstad, H., Fronteira, I., Lozano, R., Nyonator, F., Pablos-Méndez, A., Quain, E. E., Starrs, A., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2013). Human resources for health and universal health coverage: fostering equity and effective coverage. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(11), 853–863. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.118729

Dellinger, R. P., Levy, M. M., Rhodes, A., Annane, D., Gerlach, H., Opal, S. M., & Moreno, R. (2013). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive care medicine, 39(2), 165-228.

Drummond, M., Tarricone, R., & Torbica, A. (2013). Assessing the added value of health technologies: reconciling different perspectives. Value in Health, 16(1), S7-S13.

Evans, D. B., Marten, R., & Etienne, C. (2012). Universal health coverage is a development issue. The Lancet, 380(9845), 864-865.

Fattore, G., & Tediosi, F. (2013). The importance of values in shaping how health systems governance and management can support universal health coverage. Value in Health, 16(1), S19-S23.

Frank, J. (2015). Leading the way towards universal health coverage: a call to action. The Lancet, 385(9975), 1352-1358.

Garrison, L. P. (2013). Universal health coverage—big thinking versus big data. Value in Health, 16(1), S1-S3.

Horton, R. (2014). Offline: WHO offers a new future for sustainable development. The Lancet, 383(9932), 1872.

Horton, R., & Das, P. (2014). Universal health coverage: not why, what, or when–but how?. Lancet (London, England), 385(9974), 1156-1157.

Kruk, M. E. (2013). Universal health coverage: a policy whose time has come. BMJ, 347.

McKee, M., Balabanova, D., Basu, S., Ricciardi, W., & Stuckler, D. (2013). Universal health coverage: a quest for all countries but under threat in some. Value in Health, 16(1), S39-S45.

Missoni, E. (2013). Understanding the impact of global trade liberalization on health systems pursuing universal health coverage. Value in Health, 16(1), S14-S18.

Mulley, A., Evans, T., & Binagwaho, A. (2013). Meeting the challenges of providing universal health coverage. BMJ, 347.

Ooms, G., Marten, R., Waris, A., Hammonds, R., Mulumba, M., & Friedman, E. A. (2014). Great expectations for the World Health Organization: a Framework Convention on Global Health to achieve universal health coverage. Public health, 128(2), 173-178.

Reich, M. R., Harris, J., Ikegami, N., Maeda, A., Cashin, C., Araujo, E. C., & Evans, T. G. (2016). Moving towards universal health coverage: lessons from 11 country studies. The Lancet, 387(10020), 811-816.

Savedoff, W. D., de Ferranti, D., Smith, A. L., & Fan, V. (2012). Political and economic aspects of the transition to universal health coverage. The Lancet, 380(9845), 924-932.

Serrate, P. C. F., Rigoli, F., Atun, R., Frenz, P., Garcia, P., de Andrade, L. O. M., & Gomez-Dantes, O. (2014). Health-system reform and universal health coverage in Latin America.

Temkin, L. S. (2014). Universal Health Coverage: Solution or Siren? Some Preliminary Thoughts. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 31(1), 1-22

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What role did benevolent reform, especially antislavery, play in the collapse of the Second Party System in the 1850s

  1. What role did benevolent reform, especially antislavery, play in the collapse of the Second Party System in the 1850s?
  2. Western expansion directly resulted in a series of impossible compromises in the 1850s leading the United States toward Civil War. Was the Civil War inevitable?
  3. Following the abolition of slavery in 1865, how and why did the United States abandon a national reform project that promised but failed to ensure “equal protection under the law” for all citizens, white and black?

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Pros and cons of Health Care Reform

What are the pros and cons of Health Care Reform? Present arguments from both sides, then tell me WHICH side you agree with, and WHY. Important issues to address are

Scarcity of resources,and the current market for health care
Elasticity of health care demand, and health care supply,
Is government intervention required ie is there market failure and/or public good scenario? Does economics indicate that this change will help Americans achieve higher living standards?
Government spending, and resource allocation- what role should the government play and how can government fund health care?
Could we make the health care “market’ more efficient?
Theory to Remember-

Price Elasticity: Elasticity means responsiveness- the extent to which a change in price will cause quantity demanded to change, other things held constant.
Elasticity and Total Revenues: There are three relationships among the types of price elasticity and total revenue.
Elastic demand: A negative relationship exists between changes in price and changes in total revenues.
Unit-elastic demand: Changes in price do not change total revenues.
Inelastic demand: A positive relationship exists between changes in price and total revenues.
Market Failures and Externalities: In a pure market system, competition generates economic efficiency only when individuals know and must bear the true opportunity costs of their actions.
Externalities: A consequence of an economic activity that spills over to affect third parties,i.e., parties who are not directly involved in a given activity or transaction
Public Goods: Public goods are goods to which the principle of rival consumption does not apply and that are jointly consumed by many individuals simultaneously.
Paying for the Public Sector: Systems of Taxation: The three sources of funding for governments are user charges, taxes, and borrowing.
Tax Rates and Tax Revenues: The two fundamental issues that governments face when they try to fund their operations by taxing market activities are how tax rates can be set to maximize tax revenues for the government.
Taxation from the Point of View of Producers and Consumers: Taxes on goods and services are levied by all levels of government. These taxes affect market prices and quantities.
When governments levy taxes on producers and require them to charge these taxes when they sell their output, the effect is to cause a decrease in supply.
The decrease in supply caused by the imposition of a tax causes equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.
Who Pays the Tax? Both producers and consumers end up paying the tax. The amount paid by consumers is the difference between the (higher) equilibrium price after the tax is imposed and the initial equilibrium price. The amount paid by the producers is the difference between the initial equilibrium price and (lower) price net of tax after the tax is imposed.

Remember that this can be controversial because denial of health care can result in permanent disability or death, So BE NICE TO EACH OTHER.

Here are some articles that you may want to read- Please dont read all 🙂

Health Care Reform Timeline (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Obama’s healthcare reforms: your guide to the key provisions (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
ObamaCare: Pros and Cons of ObamaCare (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Obamacare: Is it good or bad for Americans? (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Is Obamacare Good or Bad? It’s All a Matter of Perspective (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
U.S. Healthcare Ranked Dead Last Compared To 10 Other Countries (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

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What are the pros and cons of Health Care Reform?

            The introduction of the Obamacare commonly referred to as Affordable Care Act (ACA) received equal support and criticism. Analysis indicated that proposers of Affordable Care Act was a ‘landmark legislation’ and ‘historic victory’ that reforms the US health care system by significantly reducing the health care costs, thus allowing millions of American citizens to afford health care(Roland, 2015). The health care reforms also protected the American citizens from exploitation by unfair insurance practices. According to Congressional Budget Office, this health care reforms will reduce the deficit by approximately $210 billion by 2021.

            On the other hand, the criticizers of this health care reforms termed it as ‘unconstitutional’ and ‘socialist’ because they believe it was a way the government was interfering with health care system(Cho, & Partridge, 2013………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

 

References

Cho, C. & Partridge, M. D. (2013, December). The Affordable Care Act: Effects of the Healthcare Reforms. Retrieved from aede: https://aede.osu.edu/sites/aede/files/publication_files/ACA%20Policy%20Brief.pdf

Roland, J. (2015, June 15). The Pros and Cons of Obamacare. Retrieved from Health Line: https://www.healthline.com/health/consumer-healthcare-guide/pros-and-cons-obamacare#overview1

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Degree to which health care policy reform is on the national political agenda currently

Based on Chapter 9 Reading, discuss the degree to which health care policy reform is on the national political agenda currently. To the extent it is on the agenda, what are some of the forces that have placed it there? Do you think current action is primarily ceremonial or primarily intentional?

Conduct a search to identify any reform proposals currently before Congress or promoted by the White House or by presidential contenders and present them to your peers. Discuss their political feasibility.
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Healthcare Policy

Name of Student

University Affiliation

Healthcare Policy

American Healthcare Policy on the National Political Agenda

            The United States healthcare system is considered one of the most complex and expensive system in the world. According to McIntyre & Song (2019) the United States stands out among its peers for failing to offer universal insurance coverage. It is for this reason that the current healthcare policy reform is high on the national political agenda currently. The Obama administration introduced the Affordable Care Act (ACA) which the current administration wants to abolish. However, the democrats are strongly opposed and are promising a return to the Obama policies. For instance in August debate, the democratic presidential hopeful Sen. Bernie Sanders has been on record citing the need for “healthcare for all” (Ault, 2019). Similarly, President Donald Trump has criticized the current cost of pharmaceuticals in the country. The major forces that have led to the public debate on healthcare policy are the inadequacies associated with the ACA. The debate is intentional as it directed towards resolving the problems that have bedeviled the American healthcare system and the desire to increase healthcare insurance coverage.

Reform Proposals Currently Before the Congress            The healthcare reform that is currently in the Congress is the Medicare for All Act of 2019that was sponsored by Rep. Jayapal, Pramila. The bill seeks………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Healthcare Reform

Healthcare Reform

A student should prepare areport:

  • Identify and describe the underlying problem
  • Make comparison of alternative courses of action
  • Outline and analyze the effects of the issue on the overall delivery of healthcare
  • Make necessary recommendations or conclusion consistent with expert knowledge on the issue

Estimated Structure of the Written Report

Different Instructors will require different formats for case reports, but they should all have roughly the same general content.

  1. Title page
  2. Table of contents
  3. Executive summary
  4. Problem (Issue) statement
  5. Data analysis
  6. Key Decision Criteria
  7. Alternatives analysis
  8. Recommendations
  9. Action and Implementation Plan
  10. Exhibits

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Healthcare: Healthcare Reform

(Course Instructor)

(University Affiliation)

(Student’s Name)

Table of Contents

Executive Summary. 3

The Underlying Problem of US Healthcare Reform.. 4

Introduction. 4

The Problem Statement 4

The Higher Costs of Healthcare in the US. 5

Comparison of Alternative Courses of Action. 8

The Effects of Increasing Costs of Healthcare on the Overall Delivery of Healthcare. 9

Recommendations. 10

Enhance Information Exchange. 11

Prevention is the Key to Control of Chronic Conditions. 11

Assessment of Value of the Medical Technology. 12

References. 13

List of Exhibits. 15

Executive Summary

            The healthcare reform in the United States has a rich history, where almost every president has tried to initiate some reforms since Second World War. However, the healthcare system in the United States still struggles with perennial problems. President Bush, whose main agenda was to tame the industry’s increasing costs and improve quality of healthcare through information technology, initiated reforms in the industry. However, his efforts bore less fruits since the healthcare costs kept increasing. The concern of increasing healthcare costs were more evident as one of President Obama’s campaign agenda was to increase healthcare coverage, reduce costs of healthcare and improve its quality.

            Although the healthcare sector in the United States is struggling with other underlying problems, for example nurse shortage, discontinuous healthcare coverage, the problem of the ever-increasing costs of healthcare has attracted more attention from researchers and public. The federal funding for healthcare stands at almost 16% of the country’s GDP, making it the highest in the world, compared to other developed countries. In addition, this makes it among the single largest allocation for a single sector in the country. Many researchers and players in the healthcare sector blame the rising costs of healthcare on the expensive medical equipment that add less value, increasing chronic conditions, aging population, increased administrative costs due to the recently introduced healthcare insurance options and the disjointed healthcare industry among other factors.

            The rising healthcare costs are unsustainable and measures need to be taken to control the problem. Therefore, this report was drafted in order to look into the underlying problem of increasing healthcare costs in the US and compare possible solutions as well as give recommendations that would help to solve the problem.

The Underlying Problem of US Healthcare Reform

Introduction

The Problem Statement

            The US healthcare has undergone a number of reforms in order to improve the healthcare in the country as well as increase the healthcare coverage for the million American citizens. The healthcare system in America is facing a number of challenges, which include the rising costs, coverage, administrative costs and quality of care (Hosseini, 2014). The population in the country is aging, and it leaves a lot of burden for the few young adults to fund the healthcare system through tax. In addition, the number of nurses has been reducing substantially, and many nurses are opting out of the healthcare system in the country, citing huge workloads. These have placed huge pressure on the federal government in making healthcare reforms that would address these challenges.           Many healthcare experts are worried that the trend of increasing costs of healthcare might have far-reaching implications on the healthcare sector in the country (Hosseini, 2014). This means the issue of healthcare costs remains a major problem………………………………………………

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