This assignment has two parts. Both parts will be completed in the same attached Unit VIII Homework Template .Part 1: Choose one of the three topics below. Write an argument with a clear conclusion (thesis) that you have created about this topic. Your conclusion must be a straightforward one-sentence assertion. Note that your thesis or conclusion can be something narrow within each topic. For example, “I should stop smoking” is a thesis or conclusion that falls under the topic of being healthy. Incorporate the following guidelines as you write:
Briefly introduce the issue or topic.
Identify at least two premises for your conclusion.
Write at least one page for your argument and written response.
Your written response should include inductive aspects of your argument as well as deductive aspects.
List at least one fallacy that you may have committed but have avoided.
Write at least one unstated assumption that is logically part of your argument.
If your argument turns out to have a sub-argument (see Unit VIII Lesson), make sure you fill out a template for each argument. Follow the writing guidelines on pages 273 through 275 of Chapter 12 of our textbook
It is widely known that smoking is bad for your health. If everyone knows it is so harmful, why do so many people do it? Discuss why people start smoking and the challenges people face in attempting to quit smoking.
Is circumcision medically necessary? What are the factors that contribute to a parent’s decision whether or not to circumcise?
Math
Throughout this course, you have completed homework and assessments in MyMathLab, and you also have completed one assignment in Blackboard. Each of these tasks required you to use different methods for entering in the answers and submitting the assignment. For example, homework assignments require you to use the MyMathLab symbol toolbox, assessments require that you show your work in the show work window, and Blackboard assignments require you to upload a document into Blackboard. For this discussion board question, describe a challenge that you encountered while using these different platforms to submit your assignments. How did you overcome this challenge? Additionally, what tools do you use to help you submit these different types of assignments in an efficient manner?
Throughout this course, you have had access to unit study guides, reference sheets, note-taking guides, instructional videos, and learning aids. As we get closer to Unit VIII and the end of the course, how can you utilize these resources to start preparing for the comprehensive final exam? Next, describe your method for studying for exams.
Managerial Accounting
Discuss which you prefer most: job costing or process costing. Include examples as you explain the reasons for your preference.
In your opinion, which is more difficult to work with: absorption or variable costing? Offer examples as you explain your opinion.
Financial Management
How important is corporate governance when it comes to investing in a firm? Does a firm’s social presence need to be considered before an individual decides to invest? Why, or why not?
You overhear your coworker say that only the balance sheet and income statement are needed to evaluate a firm’s financial health. Do you agree with this assessment? Why, or why not? Explain.
Principles of Management
What managers’ decisions have you seen as a course of action or program in health or safety that upheld the value of “human capital,” or people in the organization? Do you recommend a different course of action in hindsight?
Continuous advancements in technology are deeply affecting the way businesses are managed. Do you think technology (the Internet, for example) should radically alter the fundamental strategies and organizational structures of companies? Or do you think companies can simply graft new strategies and structures onto existing ones? How have innovations in technology affected your life and the way you do business?
Business Ethics
Is creating energy and electricity through nuclear power plants, a sustainable energy source, in order to augment reliance on fossil fuels an ethical idea when compared to other technologies, such as solar, wind, and natural gas? If so, on what basis? If not, why, and is there anything that could bolster its ethical production?
Do you agree that when one enters into a disadvantageous bargaining position because of one’s own voluntary acts (such as ignoring a warning) that an otherwise exploiting act becomes morally permissible because the person assumed the risk, or is the act always impermissible because the person is especially disadvantaged? Why, or why not?
People learn about the world around them by observation. We see things, examine relationships, and discuss our observations with friends, family, and colleagues. These observations, without passing through the steps of scientific inquiry are anecdotal.
The scientific community goes beyond observing and speculating. The long-established logical sequence employed by scientists is the scientific method.
The first step is to establish something of interest which leads to a study. This culminates in the formation of a hypothesis. The hypothesis is a testable statement based on observations and relationships which have already been established. It is not based on speculation or guessing.
The hypothesis needs to be carefully worded. The intention is that it will most likely be tested again by independent researchers who will want to document the findings. It’s only when the results can be repeated that theories are developed to provide more widespread explanations.
Many scientists prefer to test a null hypothesis (H0), which suggests that the two groups are the same. If, in fact, the two groups are different, you can reject the H0. Otherwise, you have failed to reject the null hypothesis; this is perceived as support for it.
Testing the hypothesis involves the collection of quantitative data. Quantitative means that the information is numerical. This is necessary so that the data can be analyzed by an appropriately selected statistical test.
After this analysis, the investigators present results and draw conclusions. These conclusions include projection towards future studies necessary to expound upon and reveal more of the relationship in question.
For a study to be taken seriously, its results should be published in a scientific journal. Websites, magazines, newspapers, pamphlets, and blogs are loaded with reports that would never pass the scrutiny required to be published in a journal.
Studies reported in scientific journals have been thoroughly and critically reviewed by teams of unbiased experts in the field of study. Findings are generally not approved for publication unless they have been statistically treated and results can be supported by a minimum of 95% confidence.
There are two general types of studies, observational and experimental. Observational studies are very common in the field of nutrition. For example, there are countless longitudinal studies, taking place over long periods of time, during which thousands of people are being tracked but not experimented with.
One group might consist of people who consume a certain type of food, for example salmon. People in the other group may lack salmon in their diet. Data are collected for each group, for example rates of certain diseases.
The independent variable is the inclusion or exclusion of the food type. The dependent variable would be rates of a disease such as CAD (coronary artery disease). The hypothesis addresses the potential that development of CAD is dependent upon diet (the independent variable).
When interesting findings result from observational studies, researchers are encouraged to pursue experimental studies.
In this example, subjects in the experimental group would consume a certain amount of salmon (grams per kg of body weight) for a period of many years. Subjects in the control group would consume the same amount of an equivalent food, tilapia. Rates of CAD would be tracked over many years. Nutritional studies usually take a very long time to complete!
A sensible follow-up to a food study like the one in this example would be to refine the specific nutrient that might be responsible for a potential difference between the experimental and control subjects. What does salmon have that’s lacking in tilapia? Does a component of salmon offer protection from CAD or is there a trigger for the disease in tilapia that’s lacking in salmon? Is salmon “good” or tilapia “bad”?
As you can see, testing one hypothesis usually leads to the formation of more hypotheses and the need to conduct additional studies.
It is crucial to control variables other than the one being studied. All subjects participating in a study should have equivalent levels of general health, be as physically similar to each other as possible, be either non-smokers or smoke equally, and be taking no other drugs or herbal supplements.
Generally speaking, for any good study, the subjects should be as uniform as possible (age, gender, size….) to try to eliminate the potential for other influential variables. These subjects then need to be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups; there can be no bias in assigning certain individuals to the experimental group.
Lab Report – The Scientific Method
Before proceeding, carefully read through this lab exercise. You should also read the section on the scientific method in your lecture textbook so that you have a solid background in the subject matter.
Based on observations that you have made in the past, or relationships that you might have heard about, you will develop and test your own hypothesis. Your challenge is to hypothesize a relationship between certain populations of people and some quantifiable (numerical) anatomical or physiological feature related to the course content.
Make sure that your hypothesis is testable and that you will be able to collect relevant data. Remember to control as many other variables as possible. All of your subjects should be in good health, the same gender and as close to the same age and height as possible.
Suggested Studies
The following examples are worded as null hypotheses, meaning that the statement predicts no difference between groups. If, in fact, there seems to be a difference, the null hypothesis will be rejected. Remember that the hypothesis is just a statement that you are testing; it is not what you think or predict.
You are free to test one of these suggestions or modify one to suit your own interests.
Smoking has no effect on resting pulse.Note that a lower resting heart rate is linked to good cardiovascular fitness and that the average rate for a healthy adult is 75 beats per minute (BPM).
Example: “People smoking a minimum of three cigarettes a day for a minimum of two years have similar resting pulse rates to non-smokers.” You would need to be careful to keep other variables, such as age and general health, constant.
You can compare body composition, reflected by body mass indices (BMIs) between two different groups of people. The contrast can be between athletes playing different positions, musicians playing different instruments, male vs. female actors; be creative!
For example:
BMIs are the same between professional golfers and soccer players.
BMIs can be determined from public record of heights and weights.
People on different types of diets, for example vegetarian vs. meat eaters, have similar BMIs. Once again, it would be very important to keep other variables, such as age and level of activity, as constant as possible when selecting subjects.
These are merely a few of countless comparisons that can be done. Your instructor will work with you to refine your hypothesis and help you set up your study. Unless you plan to test one of the suggested hypotheses, YOU ARE REQUIRED TO DISCUSS THIS STUDY WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR BEFORE BEGINNING WORK ON IT. THERE WILL BE POINT DEDUCTIONS IF YOUR STUDY IS NOT SET UP WELL AS A RESULT OF NOT SEEKING GUIDANCE!
General Instructions
You will need a total of twenty subjects. Ten will be in each group.
All twenty individuals should be as similar to each other as possible regarding variables that might mask the one being studied.
For example, if you were interested in the relationship between diet and BMI you would not want to compare elderly vegetarians with thyroid disorders, who never exercise with young, active meat eaters.
You will collect the relevant data, display results in a table, and perform a statistical test to determine if you can reject the null hypothesis.
What to Submit – all submissions should be in the form of a Word document.
The following are required sections to be included in your report. Grading preference will be given to concise and well-structured sentences that do not stray off topic:
Introduction – This will include your hypothesis and how you decided upon it.
Methods – How you selected your subjects and gathered data.
Results – A description of your findings which includes a table displaying the data.
Analysis – A brief description of your statistical review, using the student’s t test described below. You should report the mean (average) and sample variance for each group, as well as the calculated t value. You may lose points if you don’t show your work.
Discussion – Does your t value allow you to accept or reject your null hypothesis? What are your thoughts regarding this?
Conclusions – Suggest a follow up study for further investigation. What would you have done differently this time?
Instructions for performing a student’s t test
This statistical test will allow you to assign confidence to a statement that you make regarding your null hypothesis. You will only be able to reject the null hypothesis, suggesting that your two groups are different, if the t value that you calculate is greater than 1.833.
In order to determine the t value you will need to calculate the mean (average) for each of your two groups. (The “x” with the bar over it is the symbol for mean.) Designate the group with the higher mean as group 1. The group with the lower mean will be group 2.
FORMULA FOR CALCULATING THE t VALUE:
Measures of Dispersion represent how widely spread observations are relative to the mean. It’s more difficult to demonstrate difference between two groups when there is great dispersion.
One measure of dispersion is variance. Variance is measure of how much variation exists in the population. You will need to calculate sample variance for each group to determine the t value.
This is done by subtracting the mean from each data value and then squaring that value as depicted by the equation below. These values are then added up and divided by n-1, which will be 9.
s2 = sample variance
Once you know the sample variance and mean for each group you can calculate the t value. Assign the group with the higher mean as Group 1 so your t value will be positive:
The numerator is the difference between the group means. The denominator is the square of the sum of the sample variances divided by n-1, which is 9.
As you can see, the t value will be larger with a bigger difference between the group averages and with less variance within each group, making the numerator larger than the denominator.
This means that even if the group averages are very different, if there’s also a lot of variation (scientists sometimes refer to this is “slop”) the t value will be small and the groups will not be significantly different.
THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE ONLY RELEVANT IF YOU HAVE TWO GROUPS WITH TEN SUBJECTS IN EACH.
If your calculated t value is at least 1.833 you can reject the null hypothesis and you would be at least 95% certain that the two groups are different. If the t value is less than 1.833, you cannot reject the null hypothesis; the two groups are not significantly different
CLICK HERE TO MAKE YOUR ORDERonSmoking has no effect on resting pulse.Note that a lower resting heart rate is linked to good cardiovascular fitness and that the average rate for a healthy adult is 75 beats per minute
Using the following table—search the 5 databases based on your PICOT Question—under findings note the number of relevant articles found—you may not find something in every database. Under features discuss what you liked about that database. ON the discussion board summarize your search—attach your chart for those that would like to see your search. You may not find what you are looking for in every search—and that is OK—but you must search every database to see what may be out there.
My PICOT QUESTION:
(P) In the patient with risk factors for CVD (I), how does exposure behavior such as smoking and physical inactivity (C) versus a patient with limited and unknown risk factors (I) contribute to CVD treatment (T) in two years’ time frame?
