Module 5 – Association and Causation: Fitting Language to Evidence Assignment #2: “Science or Journalism?” Overview: This assignment provides an opportunity for students to develop their understanding of the statistical concepts of association and causation. The only study design that can demonstrate cause and effect is a randomized control trial, where outcomes are compared with and without an assigned exposure/intervention. To determine causation, a statistical test of differences is used to demonstrate whether there is a significant effect of the exposure/intervention on a particular outcome. Observational studies (where there is not randomization to an exposure/intervention) cannot demonstrate cause and effect. Unfortunately, “causal language” is often used by reporters who try to explain associations (e.g., correlations) that are found in observational studies. Distortions in the wording that explains statistical analyses by reporters can lead readers to misunderstandings about study results. For example, “An association was found between vaping and cancer” is different in meaning from, “Vaping causes cancer.” Assignment Instructions: 1) Identify an article in the lay literature (e.g., newspaper, news feed) that describes a study in which a “cause” or “effect” was identified. Choose something that has been published within the past year. Make an electronic copy of the article. 2) After finding your article, consider if the original research study was a randomized control trial (where “cause” can be determined) or some other study design (in which an “association” may be identified…but not cause). 3) Compose a two-page analysis of the concordance between the likely research study and its descriiption in the lay literature. i. Provide examples of how you would improve the language of the article if you believe that there WASN’T “cause” established in the original study. ii. Provide a brief descriiption of how the researchers may have conducted the randomized control trial if you believe that there WAS “cause” established in the original study. 4) In developing your analysis paper, please use the following APA standard format elements: i. Double-space; ii. 1-inch margins; iii. Times New Roman 12 font; iv. APA style title page with an appropriate title (e.g., reflecting the name of the assignment); v. Running head (shortened title up to 50 characters); vi. Pagination per APA guidelines; vii. APA style heading system to organize your paper, as applicable. 5) Submit your analysis and the article to the Blackboard link by the due date in a single file that includes three documents: i. APA-style student title page ii. Two-page analysis iii. Reference Page iv. Article 6) Your final collated paper should be a single file in PDF form. There are several ways to get the three different documents into a combined file (e.g., scanning, Adobe Acrobat Pro). Please be sure to give yourself adequate time to consider this important collating step in the assignment process
Association and Causation: Fitting Language to Evidence Assignment #2: “Science or Journalism?” Overview: This assignment provides an opportunity for students to develop their understanding of the statistical concepts of association and causation. The only study design that can demonstrate cause and effect is a randomized control trial, where outcomes are compared with and without an assigned exposure/intervention. To determine causation, a statistical test of differences is used to demonstrate whether there is a significant effect of the exposure/intervention on a particular outcome. Observational studies (where there is not randomization to an exposure/intervention) cannot demonstrate cause and effect. Unfortunately, “causal language” is often used by reporters who try to explain associations (e.g., correlations) that are found in observational studies. Distortions in the wording that explains statistical analyses by reporters can lead readers to misunderstandings about study results. For example, “An association was found between vaping and cancer” is different in meaning from, “Vaping causes cancer.” Assignment Instructions: 1) Identify an article in the lay literature (e.g., newspaper, news feed) that describes a study in which a “cause” or “effect” was identified. Choose something that has been published within the past year. Make an electronic copy of the article. 2) After finding your article, consider if the original research study was a randomized control trial (where “cause” can be determined) or some other study design (in which an “association” may be identified…but not cause). 3) Compose a two-page analysis of the concordance between the likely research study and its descriiption in the lay literature. i. Provide examples of how you would improve the language of the article if you believe that there WASN’T “cause” established in the original study. ii. Provide a brief descriiption of how the researchers may have conducted the randomized control trial if you believe that there WAS “cause” established in the original study. 4) In developing your analysis paper, please use the following APA standard format elements: i. Double-space; ii. 1-inch margins; iii. Times New Roman 12 font; iv. APA style title page with an appropriate title (e.g., reflecting the name of the assignment); v. Running head (shortened title up to 50 characters); vi. Pagination per APA guidelines; vii. APA style heading system to organize your paper, as applicable. 5) Submit your analysis and the article to the Blackboard link by the due date in a single file that includes three documents: i. APA-style student title page ii. Two-page analysis iii. Reference Page iv. Article 6) Your final collated paper should be a single file in PDF form. There are several ways to get the three different documents into a combined file (e.g., scanning, Adobe Acrobat Pro). Please be sure to give yourself adequate time to consider this important collating step in the assignment process
STEP 1: Visit one of the following newspapers’ websites: USA Today, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, or Washington Post. Select an article that uses statistical data related to a current event, your major, your current field, or your future career goal. The chosen article must have been published after the start of this term.
Examples may include:
Elections/exit polls
Award shows (Oscars/Emmys/Grammys)
Sports
Economy/job market
Gender equality
Human rights issues
The article should use one or more of the following categories of descriptive statistics:
Measures of Frequency – Counting Rules, Percent, Frequency, Frequency Distributions
Measures of Central Tendency – Mean, Median, Mode
Measures of Dispersion or Variation – Range, Variance, Standard Deviation
Measures of Position – Percentile, Quartiles
Note: Once you navigate to a publication’s website, it may be easiest to do a search with a statistics-related word (ex: standard deviation).
Part A:
1. Provide a summary of the article you have chosen by identifying the purpose and what real-world problem it is addressing/trying to solve. Include the following information:(Bulleted format, as shown below, is acceptable). • Topic (what real world problem does this study address?) • Date of publication/study.• Author/Researchers.• Audience for the article.• Why the article was written.
2. Explain which category(s) of descriptive statistics is used in the study and how it is used to communicate the information found in the study and/or any conclusions/solutions posed (1–2 paragraphs). Make sure to clearly connect your explanation to the purpose/real world problem the article is addressing.
3. Describe several connections, using specific examples, between the information presented/the problem and its larger impact to the world/your major/current job/future career goal. (1–2 paragraphs).
4. Recommend several highly relevant and valid solutions based on the mathematical and visual data provided in the article.
Part B: This must be a PowerPoint !
An additional part of the application process requires you to create a presentation based on the information provided above. To do so, choose an audience (outside of the field of mathematics) that could benefit from the information you will present:
5. Create one visualization of the data appropriate for the conference audience (1 slide). Make sure that your visualization includes appropriate titles, labels, colors, and text. Note: If the article already contains a visual, you must create a different type of graph or chart.
6. Explain how the audience can benefit from the data (1 slide). .
STEP 4: In the notes section of your final slide, answer the following questions:
Explain why you chose the audience in Part B.
Describe how the visuals used in the PowerPoint are appropriate for the audience.
Please cite all sources . Will be checked for plagiarism
This project is to help you apply concepts to real world, real data analysis. In the real world computers do most of the hard work for statisticians. This project will help you understand how an informative decision is made using data analysis. After completing this project, you should be able to determine which statistical procedures are appropriate; and use StatCrunch to carry out the procedures and interpret the output.
Directions:
In an article in the Journal of Statistics Education (vol. , no 2), Allen Shoemaker describes a study that was reported in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA). It is generally accepted that the mean temperature of an adult human is 98.6°F. In his article, Shoemaker uses the data from the JAMA article to test his hypothesis. The data for the JAMA article were collected from healthy men and women, ages 18 to 40, at the University of Maryland Center for Vaccine Development, Baltimore. [Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World by Ron Larson and Betsy Farber 7th Ed.]
Data: Click on “StatCrunch” on MyLab Statistics, then “Data sets from the textbook”. Scroll down to Chapter 7, then click on Chapter 7: Case Study: Human Body Temperature: What’s Normal?
Use a statistical software package to complete the analysis of Exploratory Data Analysis and Inferential Statistics. You are strongly encouraged to use StatCrunch (in MyLab Statistics). You may also use any other software packages (s.a. MINITAB, or SPSS). However, if you use other software, you are on your own, for your instructor will only help with question with regards to StatCrunch.
A) Exploratory Data Analysis
Construct a stem and leaf display.
Construct a histogram.
Construct a boxplot and use it to investigate the data for outliers.
Obtain the sample mean, median, mode, and standard deviation.
B) Inferential Statistics
Construct a normal probability plot or quantile-quantile (QQ) plot to assess normality. Use this assessment to determine which tests are appropriate for these data for confidence interval and test of hypothesis as you will use these procedures for parts 2 and 3 below.
Construct a 95% confidence interval for µ, for mean body temperature for all adult females in the population.
At the 5% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean body temperature of women is 98.6°F?
Using the software output, perform the confidence interval and the full hypothesis test.
Write a summary and findings of the project
C) Write-up
Write a brief introduction of the project.
Interpret the mean, and standard deviation in context of the data given.
Compare the measures of center and comment on which measure of center would best describe the data given.
Comment on the shape of the distribution.
Are there any outliers in the data? Include results of your investigation for outliers.
Comment on your assessment of normality.
Which test will be most appropriate for the inferential statistics? Z-test or t-test? Why?
Write an interpretation for the confidence interval estimate in context of the data.
State the hypothesis (the null and the alternative)
State the conclusion and summary of the significance test and interpret the p-value using the context of the data.
Compare the results from the confidence interval and the significance test. Are they the same? Why do think this is the case?
Submit your project as an attachment via the link above using the following format in a Microsoft Word or pdf document
First page – Title page including your name, course number, and section number
Second page – Write – up (See Part C)
Final pages – Statistical Software Output and Additional Work (See Parts A and B)
Note:
You must use complete sentences and correct grammar/spelling.
Use StatCrunch to generate tables and graphs for analysis.
Topic: Application of Statistical Process Control Control and Quality Inspection to Improve a Medical Device Manufacturing.
I am conducting a research study in a medical device manufacturing company where I identified stent catheters with exposed outside wires. I collected data on their outer diameters of sample size 50 each categorized in 10. I would like a tutor to help me in creating control charts for Statistical Process Control. That is calculate:
Upper specification limit
Lower Specification limit
Cp, and Cpk, mean
ANOVA
Test for Normality of the data and interpret.
OR work on Taguchi Methods
And any other values under Statistical Process Control. I will provide more information as sonn as Study Daddy contacts me
Topic: Application of Statistical Process Control Control and Quality Inspection to Improve a Medical Device Manufacturing.
I am conducting a research study in a medical device manufacturing company where I identified stent catheters with exposed outside wires. I collected data on their outer diameters of sample size 50 each categorized in 10. I would like to a tutor to help me in creating control charts for Statistical Process Control. That is calculate:
Upper specification limit
Lower Specification limit
Cp, and Cpk, mean
OR work on Taguchi Methods
And any other values under Statistical Process Control. I will provide more information as sonn as Study Daddy contacts me
This week, you learned about the following three commonly confused mental health disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: major depressive disorder, bipolar (I and II) disorder, and borderline personality disorder.
In two-pages, describe the differences between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Then, differentiate bipolar disorder from borderline personality disorder. Why do you think these disorders are commonly confused?
Find three peer-reviewed articles on treating these conditions (one for each disorder). Describe reasons why correctly identifying these disorders is important for treatment.
Parameters: APA format; Times New Roman, 12-pt. font; one-inch margins; double-spaced; subheads; two-pages, in addition to a cover page and a reference page; support with academic references
Assignment 1 Due Week 7 (During your midterm)You are a Quality Consultant for Diagnostic company X 1. Critically explain the role of Statistical Process Control in maintaining quality, quality improvement and determining process capability. Give examples of the types of control charts that can be used to monitor process stability. (20%) 2. Critically assess the role of validation within good Manufacturing Practice Outlining the stages of Validation and parameters required in a validation Report. (20%) 3000 Words • Incorporate a clear structure • Use Harvard System referencing (10%) • Use Arial or Calibri • Font – size 12 with 1.5 spacing Outline Introduction: c. 1000 words • Brief overview of SPC &Validation • Why & When to use apply SPC &Validation • Brief overview of Types of Control Charts used in SPC &(Sampling plans used in validation, risk assessment tools and examples of validation guideline– Red text will cover in Lecture 2 & 3) Body(Must include a hypothetical example of how to apply SPC in Validation of a process) c. 2000 words Conclusion: c. 1000 words ? Softcopy Due 11.59 on Sunday31st October 2021 ? Upload via Turnitin on Moodle ? Check Moodle for this assignment
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Write a paragraph (5-6 sentences) review/ critique of the article (your own opinion) and then provide suggestions how the study could be improved. Provide possible suggestions on additional statistical methods that could have been used in the study to obtain additional results. DO NOT SIMPLY COPY AND PASTE WHAT THE ARTICLE ALREADY STATES.
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Enjoy our bonus services. You can make a free inquiry before placing and your order and paying this way, you know just how much you will pay. A verdict was rendered against three parent chaperones. How was the third parent included in the case?
Premium papers. We provide the highest quality papers in the writing industry. Our company only employs specialized professional writers who take pride in satisfying the needs of our huge client base by offering them premium writing services Provide possible suggestions on additional statistical methods that could have been used in the study to obtain additional results
Gender dysphoria is a condition in which a person feels stressed due to a mismatch between their gender assigned at birth based on their external genitalia and their sense of their gender. People associated with this gender are generally identified as Trans genders. This starts in childhood but some people may not notice it until puberty or much later. Gender identity differs from gender expression. Gender identity refers to one’s perception about their gender and gender at birth is decided based on genitalia. Gender may be guessed based appearance of the person (dress code as well as physical signs). For example in our society person wearing a female dress is considered feminine and wearing a tuxedo is considered a masculine gender expression. These expectations are dependent on gender and may vary from culture to culture. People who are transgender have different sexual orientations and this is very diverse. Treatment may include supporting the individual’s gender expression, hormone therapy, surgery, or even psychological therapy. They come under vulnerable populations because they get humiliation and discrimination from their early life (Davy & Toze, 2018).
This group is not focused on governing bodies and is discussed in our daily life. They may experience a severe level of discrimination and physical abuse due to their physical difference as compared to others (Shah, et al., 2018). This affects them mentally and psychologically leading to compromised working and social relations (Monteiro & Benny, 2019). They are normal creatures and should be treated in a normal way.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides criteria for the diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria among, children, adolescents, and adults (Ashley, 2019). According to DSM-5, two of the following concerns should be present in adults and adolescents lasting for 6 months at least
A marked difference between the experienced and gender determined by the sexual characters must be there
A strong desire to get rid of primary or by birth gender because of the different experienced gender
A strong desire to have sexual characteristics of others rather than own
A wish to become another gender rather than be defined at birth
A great desire to be treated as a different gender from the assigned gender
DSM-5 states the criteria to diagnose Gender Dysphoria in children as given below. These A strong desire to be of the other gender or an insistence that one is the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one’s assigned gender)
A strong desire in boys (assigned gender at birth) a strong attraction towards girls dresses and liking girls toys etc. or for girls (assigned gender at birth) a strong likeness towards wearing boys dressing or strong repulsion to wear female clothes
A great likeness for cross-gender roles in actual or fantasy play
A strong preference to play with other gender and their toys for example boy (assigned gender at birth) likes to play with girls and dollhouses
Rejection of the usual toys according to their gender-based on sexual characteristics
A firm sense of rejection for own anatomy
A strong wish to have sexual characteristics attained by another gender
Treatment for dysphoria varies from case to case-specific and is designed according to the needs of the person. The first goal is to address the distress and negative thoughts about assigned gender. Gender identity is not the issue but the unacceptance related to it is the issue. A team consisting of a psychologist, social worker, urologist, andrologist, and surgeon. Counseling is the main step to change their thoughts about their appearance and make them ready for medication or surgical therapy. Hormone therapy may also be provided to develop the characteristics of their desired gender. Surgical procedures like breast implantation, chest reconstruction, vaginoplasty, etc. can be provided in gender affirmation procedures (Hadj-Moussa et al., 2018).
References
Ashley, F. (2019). The misuse of gender dysphoria: Toward greater conceptual clarity in transgender health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619872987.
Davy, Z., & Toze, M. (2018). What is gender dysphoria? A critical systematic narrative review. Transgender Health, 3(1), 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2018.0014.
Hadj-Moussa, M., Ohl, D., & Kuzon Jr, W. (2018). Evaluation and treatment of gender dysphoria to prepare for gender confirmation surgery. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 6(4), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.03.006.
Monteiro, R., & Benny, J. P. (2019). Quality of life and identity stigma: A qualitative study among Dalit transgenders. New Horizons of Dalit Culture and Literature, 79. https://anubooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/New-Horizons-of-Dalit-Culture-and-Literature-cOMPLETE.pdf#page=84.
Shah, H., Rashid, F., Atif, I., Hydrie, M., Fawad, M., Muzaffar, H., & Hassan, A. (2018). Challenges faced by marginalized communities such as transgender in Pakistan. The Pan African Medical Journal, 30(1), 2-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6191260/.
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Enjoy Please Note-You have come to the most reliable academic writing site that will sort all assignments that that you could be having. We write essays, research papers, term papers, research proposals. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)