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Evidence-Based Treatment Models

Introduction

“When [Evidence-Based Treatment] programs are well designed using effective program elements and implemented carefully, these programs: reduce relapse, reduce criminality, reduce recidivism . . . improve health and mental health symptoms and conditions, and improve relationships” (Federal Bureau of Prisons, n.d.).

When working with individuals struggling with drug and alcohol addiction, it is important to appreciate the dynamic relationship between the addict and the treatment model that is successful in his or her rehabilitation.

Last week, you examined the TSF, as well as the psychoanalytic and Gestalt models for addiction treatment. This week, you will continue to analyze treatment methods related to addiction models, focusing on evidence-based approaches.

Required Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Readings

  • Walters, S. T., & Rotgers, F. (2013)Treating substance abuse: Theory and technique (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
    • Chapter 2,“Motivational Interviewing in Practice”
    • Chapter 6,“Behavioral Treatment Techniques for Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders”
    • Chapter 12,“Integrating Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy in Substance Abuse Treatment”
  • Fareed, A., Vayalapalli, S., Stout, S., Casarella, J., Drexler, K., & Bailey, S. P. (2011). Effect of methadone maintenance treatment on heroin craving, a literature review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 30(1), 27–38.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2009). Principles of drug abuse treatment: A research-based guide (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment
    • Review the section “Evidence-Based Approaches to Drug Addiction Treatment” (pp. 37–56)

Week 3 assignment

Evidence-Based Treatment Models

As a professional working with addicts, it is important to be knowledgeable and comfortable with a variety of treatment models; being so will be useful as you work with addicts who require and necessitate different styles of treatment models.

Last week, you examined two types of models for addiction treatment: psychoanalytic and Gestalt. These two types of models are not considered evidence-based treatments due to their lack of focus on predefined behavioral outcomes.

This week, you focused on evidence-based treatment models. These models have been thoroughly studied and scientifically evaluated for evidence of being related to positive behavior outcomes. For this Assignment, consider the types of interventions that may be used in an evidence-based treatment model.

To prepare for this Assignment:

  • Review the section “Evidence-Based Approaches to Drug Addiction Treatment” (pp. 37–56) in Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment: A Research-Based Guide.
  • Consider the PowerPoint presentation document.
  • Note: As you research and examine psychoanalytic, Gestalt, and evidence-based treatment models, you may notice discrepancies in terminology. For the sake of this course, please recognize the words models, approaches, and methods as synonymous

The Assignment:

Prepare a PowerPoint or other visual presentation titled “Evidence-Based Treatment Models” that includes the following:

  • A title slide
  • 3 slides that identify and describe three evidence-based treatment models you examined this week. For each evidence-based treatment model, include a description of two effective strategies specific to that treatment model.
  • A slide that provides an analysis of the three evidence-based treatment models you examined. Identify any common elements between and among them. If you think there are none, explain why not.
  • A final slide that provides bibliographic references

By Day 7, submit your “Evidence-Based Treatment Models” PowerPoint or other visual presentation.

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Treatment Works

Week 1 Learning Resources

This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week’s assigned Learning Resources. To access select media resources, please use the media player below.

Required Resources

Readings

  • Perkinson, R. R. (2012). Chemical dependency counseling: A practical guide (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
    • Chapter 1, “The First Contact”

      Focus on the descriptions of client perspectives in the “Treatment Works” and “How to Develop the Therapeutic Alliance” sections and how these descriptions relate to the codes of ethics and principles addictions professional should follow (see this week’s Discussion area). Also focus on the information on treatment facilities and group practice to learn more about the need for multidisciplinary teams for your Assignment.
    • Chapter 14, “The Clinical Staff”

      Focus on the various types of professionals that might need to be included in the multidisciplinary team.
  • American Psychological Association. (2013). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

    Focus on the Preamble, which provides a rationale for following codes of ethical principles and standards. Focus also on the General Principles, which sets the stage for other information on ethics violations.
  • The Association for Addiction Professionals. (2013). NAADAC code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.naadac.org/resources/codeofethics

    Focus on the standards listed in the section titled “The Counseling Relationship” for an excellent overview of expected behavior on the part of counselors.

Week 1 Discussion

Ethical Codes and Principles in Addictions Assessment

The assessment of an individual for a substance-related or addictive disorder is a sensitive practice. An addictions professional may be perceived as being in a position of power, and the client often is physically and emotionally vulnerable. A client in an addictions assessment may be concerned about the legality of the substance he or she is using or the type of gambling in which he or she is involved since gambling is not legal in all states. He or she may also be concerned about the confidentiality of personal experiences being discussed. In recognition of the sensitive nature of addictions assessment, professional associations such as the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Association for Addiction Professionals (NAADAC), two of the most recognized professional associations in the field of addiction, have established codes and principles of conduct. Addictions professionals who violate these codes and principles of ethics put at risk not only their clients but also their professional licenses, their reputations, and even their careers. Therefore, it is critical that addictions professionals familiarize themselves with the APA and NAADAC codes and principles and commit to following them in their daily practices.

To prepare:

Review the Learning Resources, including the following:

  • Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
  • NAADAC Code of Ethics
  • The media titled Starting the Process. Consider the behavior of the addictions professional in the media in the context of the codes of conduct established by the APA and the NAADAC. Think about the effect of ethics violations on the development of the relationship between the addictions counselor and the client.

Post by Day 4 a description of one example from the scenario found in this week’s media that clearly demonstrates when the professional was following APA and NAADAC ethical codes and principles. Provide a second example from the scenario that demonstrates a lack of adherence to ethical codes and principles.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.

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Psychology: Ethical Codes and Principles in Addictions Assessment

(Course Instructor)

(University Affiliation)

(Student’s Name)

Ethical Codes and Principles in Addictions Assessment

Starting the Process

            The media file “Starting the Process” represents a case in which a client seeks assistance from a psychologist. During the assessment process, a number of behaviors from the psychologist that conform to the ethical codes of conduct and those that goes against the ethics of conduct.

An Example That Points Adherence to the Ethical Codes and Principles

            The Needs Assessment

            The psychologist in the media file provided a good assessment of the needs of the client. The psychologist started by asking the client regarding the questions that could shade light on his past and present substance use. The move was in accordance to the ethical codes and principles of Association for Addiction Professionals. According to (The Association for Addiction Professionals, 2014), the assessment process must start with a screening process in order determine whether or not further assessment may need to be done for individuals with risks of developing problems in certain areas. Prior to this, the psychologist assessed the client’s background, which shows an element of cultural sensitivity. The screening process provided more information to the psychologist in determining the need for further assessment.

An Example That Points a Lack of Adherence to the Ethical Codes and Principles

            Introduction

            According to (American Psychological Association, 2013), a professional psychologist has an obligation to safeguard the interests of the client. However, the psychologist in the media file fails in her introductory part by not assuring the client of the confidentiality of the information obtained during the assessment process. In fact, it took the intervention of the client to seek for assurance of the confidentiality of the information. A good introduction must cover the purpose of the assessment and an assurance of the confidentiality of the information. Providing assurances will make the client confident and to let out all the necessary information for the treatment process. Moreover, the move by the psychologist to delve into personal business of marketing her website was very unprofessional and displayed a lack of adherence to ethical codes and principles of the Association for Addiction Professionals.

References

American Psychological Association. (2013). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved 2016, from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

The Association for Addiction Professionals. (2014). Code of ethics. Retrieved 2016, from http://www.naadac.org/code-of-ethics

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Barriers for psychiatric patients for complaint with medication treatment

mention some barriers for psychiatric patients for complaint with medication treatment. Comment about the best treatment for the first psychotic episode. Mention the consideration before start antipsychotic medications. What are the side effects of antipsychotic medications?  

Instructions:

Use an APA style and a minimum of 150 words. Provide support from a minimum of at least (2) scholarly sources. The scholarly source needs to be: 1) evidence-based, 2) scholarly in nature, 3) Sources should be no more than five years old (published within the last 5 years), and 4) an in-text citation. citations and references are included when information is summarized/synthesized and/or direct quotes are used, in which APA style standards apply. 

• Textbooks are not considered scholarly sources. 

Antipsychotic medication has existed for over a century. Disorders such as bipolar, schizophrenia among other mental conditions remain a disaster in the 21st century. It is clear that better adaptive and effective antipsychotic medication is required. Besides, the current treatment is prone to numerous adverse side effects on the patients. Chlorpromazine was the first antipsychotic drug to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia in the early 1950s. Ever since psychiatrists have developed through research and resolved to use more sophisticated treatment equipment and procedures to the current generation. Electroconvulsive therapy followed the introduction of chlorpromazine. However, this kind of therapy has proved to be effective for some forms of psychosis disorders and ineffective in others. The treatments were marred with severe adverse side effects that were resolved through the broad application of prefrontal lobotomy. Prefrontal lobotomy calmed down the effects of such treatment procedures. Soon, ACTH and corticosteroids were introduced with clinicians noting positive benefits in patients on administration (Preston, O’Neal & Talaga, 2017). Despite the beneficial effects of such advancements, the treatment had implications on immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Later in1980s, the atypical or second-generation antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine were introduced into the market after rigorous studies and tests on agranulocytosis (Perry, Alexander, Liskow & DeVane, 2007). The drugs that have been used in the treatment of psychosis include antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, antianxiety, hypnotics, and lithium (Lieberman et al. 2005). The application of the above medication yields varying results on various conditions. Besides, they also have distinct side effects on the patients. Question #2

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Evaluate the efficacy, admissibility, and feasibility of the treatment of couples.

  Evaluate the efficacy, admissibility, and feasibility of the treatment of couples. Conduct research on the Duluth Model for further information.  Discuss aftercare planning for victims of domestic violence and batterers.  Identify the special considerations that should be addressed when the victim is male and for same-sex couples.

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Treatment of non-white racial groups, as well as current immigration trends.

All healthcare workers must be culturally sensitive. To that end, they should have some understanding of this county’s history, particularly in its treatment of non-white racial groups, as well as current immigration trends.

How does the racial history of this county contribute to healthcare disparities? What are some other contributing factors?

What challenges are face by immigrants arriving in this country in the past 10 years when it comes to maintaining and/or improving their health.

What are some possible solutions that could help end healthcare inequities?

In correct APA style, list at least 2 sources that you to research these topics.

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What is one example of citizen participation that has aimed to change the role and/or treatment of women?

 Part 1

In this unit, you have learned about human rights. What can we, as citizens of the United States, do about this? Is taking action against injustices our responsibility as citizens? Should it be?

For this activity, you will be exploring these difficult questions. In Part 1 of this activity, you will analyze how citizen participation can help achieve political and social change, specifically the treatment of women. You will need to find two different examples of e-mail campaigns, boycotts, blogs, podcasts, protests, demonstrations, or letters to editors in which the sole purpose has been to change the treatment and role of women in the United States. Next, you will analyze how effective or ineffective these efforts have been.

Use the following questions to guide your research and record your answers.

  1. What is one example of citizen participation that has aimed to change the role and/or treatment of women? Describe this example.
  2. Analyze and explain how effective this example was in changing the treatment of women.
  3. What is another example of citizen participation that has aimed to change the role and/or treatment of women? Describe this example.
  4. Analyze and explain how effective this example was in changing the treatment of women.

Part 2

For Part 2 of this activity, you will be exploring the roles of citizens on the local, state, and federal level. Do you feel that being an active participant in the equality of women (or any people for that matter) is the responsibility of citizens?

Though many people would answer ‘yes’ to this question, it is not a mandatory responsibility for citizens. But, what are the mandatory responsibilities of citizens?

Visit the suggested websites (or any others that you find useful) and fill in the chart below separating the responsibilities of citizens into either local, state, or federal. Find at least four for each column. Be sure to indicate if each responsibility is Mandatory or Voluntary (note that some responsibilities may fall into more than one category).

Suggested Websites:

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Physics and chemistry Treatment Process for wastewater

Environmental Engineering Question:

Physics and chemistry Treatment Process for wastewater

Please make sure do it before the deadline, and do all questions correctly

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As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders

As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors.

Reference: Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D., & Arias, E. (2018). Mortality in the United States, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db328.htm

To Prepare
  • Review the Resources for this module and consider the impact of potential pharmacotherapeutics for cardiovascular disorders introduced in the media piece.
  • Review the case study assigned by your Instructor for this Assignment.
  • Select one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors.
  • Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
  • Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patient’s recommended drug therapy.
  • Think about how you might improve the patient’s drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient.

you will examine how patient factors may influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of pharmacotherapeutics used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.  You also explore ways to improve drug therapy plans for cardiovascular disorders based on patient factors and overall health needs.  

When writing your Week 2 Assignment, consider the following scenario:

Patient CB has a history of strokes. The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following:

•     Glipizide 10 mg op daily

•     HCTZ 25 mg daily

•     Atenolol 25 mg po daily

•     Hydralazine 25 mg QID

•     Simvastatin 80 mg daily    

•     Verapamil 180 mg CD daily

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines are fundamental to clinical practice, as they assist providers with clinical decision making.  I have attached some applicable guidelines below for your reference.  

2017 ACC-AHA Guideline Mgmt HTN in Adults.pdf 

2018 AHA-ACC Guideline on Mgmt Blood Cholesterol.pdf 

2017 ACC-AHA-HFSA Guideline Mgmt HF.pdf 

ASH 2018 Guidelines Mgmt of VTE_Optimal Anticoag.pdf 

2019 AHA-ACC-HRS Guideline for Mgmt A Fib.pdf 

2017 AHA-ACC Guideline Mgmt Valvular Heart Disease.pdf 

Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

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What are your treatment goals for Claudia today

PurposeProblem-based learning is a methodology designed to help students develop the reasoning process used in clinical practice through problem-solving actual patient problems in the same manner as they occur in practice. The purpose of this activity is to develop students’ clinical reasoning skills using a case-based learning exercise. Through participation in an online discussion forum, students identify learning issues in a self-directed manner which facilitates learning for the entire group. Activity Learning Outcomes Through this discussion, the student will demonstrate the ability to:

  1. Synthesize clinical knowledge, didactic learning and research findings to provide appropriate pharmacological care to primary care patients. (CO 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5)

Case Study & Discussion Questions Claudia (G2P2) is a 36-year-old mother who recently delivered a child 9 months ago. She has been using condoms for birth control for the last 7 months. Today she is requesting a more convenient method of birth control. She is not sure of her current pregnancy plans, however, she does not wish to discuss sterilization or an IUD. She has no religious contraindications for treatment.PMH: positive for mild hypertension with first pregnancy, seasonal allergies.Surgeries: Left inguinal hernia and tonsillectomy.Family history: Mother-HTN; Father-Colon CA (both deceased)Social History: Denies tobacco use, wine one to two glasses a week, denies recreational drugs, exercises twice a week.Drug allergies-Sulfa causes a rash.Current medications-MVI with Fe, Calcium chews, Allegra 10mg daily prn for allergies.Vitals: Height 67 inches, weight 157 pounds, BP 110/75, P 70, R 16. PAP collected today, breast exam WNL, urine pregnancy negative.A physical exam is normal.

  1. What are your treatment goals for Claudia today?
  2. What are two possible medications (in different classes) that you can recommend for Claudia? Please provide a detailed rationale and mechanism of actions for each medication. Make sure that all recommendations are cited with guidelines or scholarly, peer-reviewed articles and always include medication, strength, dosage form, route, frequency, and duration when making recommendations.
  3. Pick one of the medications from your response above and list five (5) patient-centered teaching points to communicate to the patient.
  4. What would your contraceptive choice be if Claudia smoked 10-15 cigarettes per day? Explain your answer
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