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CASP Randomised Controlled Trial Standard


11 questions to help you make sense of a randomised controlled trial (RCT)
Main issues for consideration: Several aspects need to be considered when appraising a randomised controlled trial:
Is the basic study design valid for a randomised controlled trial? (Section A)
Was the study methodologically sound? (Section B)
What are the results? (Section C)
Will the results help locally? (Section D)
The 11 questions in the checklist are designed to help you think about these aspects systematically.
How to use this appraisal tool: The first three questions (Section A) are screening questions about the validity of the basic study design and can be answered quickly. If, in light of your responses to Section A, you think the study design is valid, continue to Section B to assess whether the study was methodologically sound and if it is worth continuing with the appraisal by answering the remaining questions in Sections C and D.
Record ‘Yes’, ‘No’ or ‘Can’t tell’ in response to the questions. Prompts below all but one of the questions highlight the issues it is important to consider. Record the reasons for your answers in the space provided. As CASP checklists were designed to be used as educational/teaching tools in a workshop setting, we do not recommend using a scoring system.
About CASP Checklists: The CASP RCT checklist was originally based on JAMA Users’ guides to the medical literature 1994 (adapted from Guyatt GH, Sackett DL and Cook DJ), and piloted with healthcare practitioners. This version has been updated taking into account the CONSORT 2010 guideline (http://www.consort-statement.org/consort-2010, accessed 16 September 2020).
Citation: CASP recommends using the Harvard style, i.e., Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2021). CASP (insert name of checklist i.e. Randomised Controlled Trial) Checklist. [online] Available at: insert URL. Accessed: insert date accessed.
©CASP this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution – Non-Commercial- Share A like. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) www.casp-uk.net Part of OAP Ltd
Study and citation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Section A: Is the basic study design valid for a randomised controlled trial?

  1. Did the study address a clearly focused research question?
    CONSIDER:
    • Was the study designed to assess the outcomes of an intervention?
    • Is the research question ‘focused’ in terms of:
    • Population studied
    • Intervention given
    • Comparator chosen
    • Outcomes measured? Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
  2. Was the assignment of participants to interventions randomised?
    CONSIDER:
    • How was randomisation carried out? Was the method appropriate?
    • Was randomisation sufficient to eliminate systematic bias?
    • Was the allocation sequence concealed from investigators and participants?
    Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
  3. Were all participants who entered the study accounted for at its conclusion?
    CONSIDER:
    • Were losses to follow-up and exclusions after randomisation accounted for?
    • Were participants analysed in the study groups to which they were randomised (intention-to-treat analysis)?
    • Was the study stopped early? If so, what was the reason?
    Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????

Section B: Was the study methodologically sound?
4.
• Were the participants ‘blind’ to intervention they were given?
• Were the investigators ‘blind’ to the intervention they were giving to participants?
• Were the people assessing/analysing outcome/s ‘blinded’?
Yes No Can’t tell
???????????????
??????????????
??????????????

  1. Were the study groups similar at the start of the randomised controlled trial?
    CONSIDER:
    • Were the baseline characteristics of each study group (e.g. age, sex, socio-economic group) clearly set out?
    • Were there any differences between the study groups that could affect the outcome/s? Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
  2. Apart from the experimental intervention, did each study group receive the same level of care (that is, were they treated equally)?
    CONSIDER:
    • Was there a clearly defined study protocol?
    • If any additional interventions were given (e.g. tests or treatments), were they similar between the study groups?
    • Were the follow-up intervals the same for each study group? Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
    Section C: What are the results?
  3. Were the effects of intervention reported comprehensively?

CONSIDER:
• Was a power calculation undertaken?
• What outcomes were measured, and were they clearly specified?
• How were the results expressed? For binary outcomes, were relative and absolute effects reported?
• Were the results reported for each outcome in each study group at each follow-up interval?
• Was there any missing or incomplete data?
• Was there differential drop-out between the study groups that could affect the results?
• Were potential sources of bias identified?
• Which statistical tests were used?
• Were p values reported? Yes No Can’t tell
??????????????

  1. Was the precision of the estimate of the intervention or treatment effect reported?
    CONSIDER:
    • Were confidence intervals (CIs) reported? Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
  2. Do the benefits of the experimental intervention outweigh the harms and costs?
    CONSIDER:
    • What was the size of the intervention or treatment effect?
    • Were harms or unintended effects reported for each study group?
    • Was a cost-effectiveness analysis undertaken? (Cost-effectiveness analysis allows a comparison to be made between different interventions used in the care of the same condition or problem.) Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
    Section D: Will the results help locally?
  3. Can the results be applied to your local population/in your context?
    CONSIDER:
    • Are the study participants similar to the people in your care?
    • Would any differences between your population and the study participants alter the outcomes reported in the study?
    • Are the outcomes important to your population?
    • Are there any outcomes you would have wanted information on that have not been studied or reported?
    • Are there any limitations of the study that would affect your decision? Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????
  4. Would the experimental intervention provide greater value to the people in your care than any of the existing interventions?
    CONSIDER:
    • What resources are needed to introduce this intervention taking into account time, finances, and skills development or training needs?
    • Are you able to disinvest resources in one or more existing interventions in order to be able to re-invest in the new intervention?
    Yes No Can’t tell
    ??????????????

APPRAISAL SUMMARY: Record key points from your critical appraisal in this box. What is your conclusion about the paper? Would you use it to change your practice or to recommend changes to care/interventions used by your organisation? Could you judiciously implement this intervention without delay?

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Adjusted Trial Balance columns

The balances for the accounts that follow appear in the Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period spreadsheet. Indicate whether each account would flow into the income statement, statement of owner’s equity, or balance sheet.

1.  Accounts Payable
2.  Accounts Receivable
3.  Cash
4.  Eddy Rosewood, Drawing
5.  Fees Earned
6.  Supplies
7.  Unearned Rent
8.  Utilities Expense
9.  Wages Expense
10.  Wages Payable
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Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period spreadsheet

The balances for the accounts that follow appear in the Adjusted Trial Balance columns of the end-of-period spreadsheet. Indicate whether each account would flow into the income statement, statement of owner’s equity, or balance sheet.

1.  Accounts Payable
2.  Accounts Receivable
3.  Cash
4.  Eddy Rosewood, Drawing
5.  Fees Earned
6.  Supplies
7.  Unearned Rent
8.  Utilities Expense
9.  Wages Expense
10.  Wages Payable
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The Casey Anthony Trial

Using what has been covered throughout the course, select a case study of a criminal trial (within the past 15 years) that was ultimately decided based on forensic evidence (physical or digital). Please include the following information in your case study response. 

(The Casey Anthony Trial)

  • Summarize the details of the case.
  • Explain what evidence was found and how that evidence was collected, examined (processed), and assessed by experts. Include information about why the forensic evidence was important in the case and what current trends in forensics were used when collecting and examining the evidence.
  • Provide your analysis of the case and what could have been done differently regardless of the outcome (guilty, acquitted, or found innocent).

You should use at least two resources to develop this case study assignment, one of which can be your textbook. Your case study must be at least three pages in length.

Course Textbook: Saferstein, R., & Roy, T. (2021). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (13th ed.). Pearson. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780135268407

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select a case study of a criminal trial (within the past 15 years) that was ultimately decided based on forensic evidence (physical or digital)

Using what has been covered throughout the course, select a case study of a criminal trial (within the past 15 years) that was ultimately decided based on forensic evidence (physical or digital). Please include the following information in your case study response. 

(The Casey Anthony Trial)

  • Summarize the details of the case.
  • Explain what evidence was found and how that evidence was collected, examined (processed), and assessed by experts. Include information about why the forensic evidence was important in the case and what current trends in forensics were used when collecting and examining the evidence.
  • Provide your analysis of the case and what could have been done differently regardless of the outcome (guilty, acquitted, or found innocent).

You should use at least two resources to develop this case study assignment, one of which can be your textbook. Your case study must be at least three pages in length.

Course Textbook: Saferstein, R., & Roy, T. (2021). Criminalistics: An introduction to forensic science (13th ed.). Pearson. https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780135268407

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Welch’s Company Trial Balance

1-2 pages for each case study 

Case Study #1: 

Using the Welch’s Company Trial Balance (provided), prepare an income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flow (for fixed assets, assume the change in the asset accounts are the additions and the change in the accumulated depreciation accounts is the depreciation).

Please submit this in excel.

For the next case studies, you must solve these as though you are writing a memo to upper management explaining your stance on the questions at hand.  Please do this is memo format.  Note:  Each case study should have its own memo.

Case Study #2:

Danville Bottlers is a wholesale beverage company.  Danville used the FIFO inventory method to determine the cost of its ending inventory.  Ending inventory quantities are determined by a physical count.  For the fiscal year end June 30, 2018, ending inventory was originally determined to be $3,265,000.  However, on July 17,  2018, John Howard, the company’s controller, discovered an error in the ending inventory count.  He determined that the correct ending inventory amount should be $2,600,000.

Danville is a privately owned corporation with significant financing provided by a local bank.  The bank requires annual audited financial statements as a condition of the loan.  By July 17, the auditors had completed their review of the financial statements which are schedule to be issued on July 25.  They did not discover the inventory error.

John’s first reaction was to communicate his finding to the auditors and to revise the financial statements before they are issued.  However, he knows that his and his fellow workers’ profit-sharing plans are based on annual pretax earnings and that if he revises the statements, everyone’s profit sharing bonus will be significantly reduced.

Required:

1)     Why will bonuses be negatively affected?  What is the effect on pretax earnings?

2)     If the error is not correct in the current year and is discovered by the auditors during the following year’s audit, how will it be reported in the company’s financial statements?

3)     Discuss the ethical dilemma John Howard faces.

Case Study #3:

Corporations frequently invest in securities issued by other corporations.  Some investments are acquired to secure a favorable business relationship with another company.  On the other hand, others are intended only to earn an investment return from the dividends or interest the securities pay or from increase in the market prices of the securities – the same motivations that might cause you to invest in stocks, bonds, or other securities.  This diversity in investment objectives means no single accounting method is adequate to report every investment.

Merck & Co., Inc. invests in securities of other companies.  Access Merck’s 2015 10K (which includes financial statements) using EDGAR at www.sec.gov.  Note: Merck’s 2015 financial statements were issued prior to the effective date of ASU 2016-01, so do not be surprised by the fact that Merck includes equity investments amount it’s available for sale investments.

Required:

1)     What is the amount and classification of any investment securities reported on the balance sheet?  In which current and noncurrent asset categories are investments reported by Merck?  What criteria are used to determine the classification?

2)     How are unrealized gains or losses reports?  Realized gains and losses?

3)     Are any investments reported by the equity method?

4)     What amounts from equity method investments are reported in the comparative income statements?

5)     Are cash flow effects of these investment reflected in the company’s comparative statements of cash flows?  If so, what information is provided by this disclosure?

Case Study #4:

The following appeared in the October 15, 2018, issue of the Financial Smarts Journal:

This announcement is not an offer of securities for sale or an offer to buy securities. 

New Issue

October 15, 2018

$750,000,000

Craft Foods, Inc.

7.75% Debentures Due October 1, 2028

Price 99.57%

Plus accrued interest if any from date of issuance

Copies of the prospectus and the related prospectus supplement may be obtained from such of the undersigned as may legally offer these securities under applicable securities laws.

Required:

1)     Explain what is being described by the announcement.

2)     Can you think of a psychological reason for the securities to be priced as they are?

3)     What are the accounting considerations for Craft Foods, Inc.?  Describe how Craft recorded the sale?

Case Study #5:

Access the 2015 financial statements and related disclosure notes of Ford Motor Company from its website at corporate.ford.com.

Required:

1)     In Note 21, find Ford’s net deferred tax asset or liability.  What is the number?

2)     Does Ford show a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets?  If so, what is the number, and what is Ford’s explanation for it?

3)     Does Ford have any NOL carryforwards?  What is the amount of any carryforward, what deferred tax asset or liability is associated with it, and what effect tax rate does that imply was used to calculate its deferred tax effect?

Case Study #6: 

Refer to the 2015 financial statements and related disclosure notes of FedEx Corporation.  The financial statements can be found at the company’s website (www.fedex.com).

Required:

1)     What pension and other post retirement benefit plans does FedEx sponsor for its employee’s?  Explain.

2)     What amount does FedEx report in its balance sheet for its pension and other postretirement benefit plans? Explain.

3)     FedEx reports three actuarial assumptions used in its pension calculations.  Did reported changes in those assumptions from the previous year increase or decrease the projected benefit obligation?  What?

Case Study #7:

You are assistant controller of Stamos and Company, a medium size manufacturer or machine parts.  On October 22, 2017, the board of directors approved a stock option plan for key executives.  On January 1, 2018, a specific number of stock options were granted. The options were exercisable between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2024, at 100% of the quoted market price at the grant date.  The service period is for 2018 through 2020.  

Your boss, the controller, is on of the executives to receive options.  Neither he nor you have had occasion to deal with GAAP on accounting for stock options.  He and you are aware of the traditional approach your company used years ago but do not know the newer method.  Your boss understands how options might benefit him personally but wants to be aware also of how the options will be reported in the financial statements.  He has asked you for a one-page synopsis of accounting for stock options under the fair value approach.  He instructed you, “I don’t care about the effect on taxes or earning per share – just the basics, please.”

Required: 

Prepare such a report that includes the following:

1)     At what point should the compensation cost be measured?  How should it be measured?

2)     How should compensation expense be measured for the stock option plan in 2018 and later?

3)     If options are forfeited because an executive resigns before vesting, what is the effect of that forfeiture of the stock options on the financial statements?

4)     If options are allowed to lapse after vesting, what is the effect on the financial statements?

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What is the importance of having a speedy trial?

In an essay of 750-1,000 words, address the following:

What is the importance of having a speedy trial?
How does one determine whether a trial has been “speedy†?
Use Findlaw, Cornell Law, or Lexis-Nexis in the GCU Library to locate one appellate court case that has assisted us with interpreting the right to a speedy trial. Why is this case important?
Utilize three to five relevant, scholarly sources in support of your content.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. This guide is located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.


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The Importance of Speedy Trial

Name of Student

University Affiliation

The Importance of Speedy Trial

            One important principle in criminal justice is that every accused person is innocent until it is proven beyond that that such a person is guilty. The Sixth Amendment was enacted to protect this fundamental right of the accused persons. According to Samaha (2011), the Sixth Amendment states that in all criminal trials, the accused persons shall enjoy the right to speedy trial. The principle of speedy trial has been in place in the American Justice system long before the Bill of Rights and its application dates back to more than 900 years ago. Based on the premise of innocence until proven guilty, the right to speedy trial is important should be protected always by the trial judge.

            The right to speedy trial helps in promotion and protection of several interests in the trial process. Samaha (2011) points out that through a speedy trial process it prevents the possibility of the accused spending longtime in detention before the trial process begins. Since the accused are not yet determined to be guilty speedy trial protects their right to freedom of association. Long detention is akin to saying that the accused is guilty and subjecting them to the anxiety of the detention process would turn out to be wrongful detention. Speedy trial eliminates such an occurrence allowing the victim the right to justice in the shortest time possible.

            The speedy trial also ensures the protection of the uncertainty that surrounds the criminal prosecution by guarding the possibility of deterioration and or loss evidence. The protection of the evidence and guarantee of freedom through the protection of laws ensures that the trial process obtains the correct results (Samaha, 2011). This is because the delayed trial process would mean the loss of evidence and witnesses or loss of their memory. This would apply not only to the prosecution but also the defence side. The process also ensures the resources during the trial process are used effectively for the benefit of delivery of justice.             One of the major problems that faced the principle of the speedy trial has been delays in criminal proceedings. However, after years of debates and deliberations, the United States Congress enacted legislation to ensure possible delays in court proceedings were remedied. According to Wilson (2010), the US Congress passed the Speedy Trial Act in 1974. Through the act, time limits for the disposition of criminal cases in US trial courts were established. The act demands that charges are dismissed after they are determined………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Describe the procedural steps in a criminal trial.

Construct an outline of 400-500 words for an essay in which you describe the procedural steps in a criminal trial. Address the following:

How does one determine whether or not they have standing to appear in criminal court? Once standing is confirmed, how does the court administer pre-trial management procedures such as notice, right to counsel, and whether to terminate the proceedings? Why are these procedures required for the administration of Justice?
Explain what happens during each step of a trial including the purpose each step serves. These steps should include, at a minimum, the following: opening statements, direct examination, cross-examination, jury instructions, jury deliberations, rendering a verdict, and sentencing.
Analyze and discuss what possible appellate procedures are in place for a criminal defendant. Explain when an appeal may be a viable option, and when it may not.
Include an Annotated Bibliography section with at least six sources, formatted in APA.

Refer to the resource, “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies,†located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing this assignment in the appropriate style, referring to the indicative annotation protocol.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.


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Procedural Steps in Criminal Trial

Name of Student

University Affiliation

Procedural Steps in Criminal Trial

            Although criminal procedures vary based on jurisdictions, basic criminal trial procedures are the same. The formal process that charges an individual often involves the jury indictment or when a prosecutor files information in court. Once this has been done, the defendant is arraigned in a court of law where they enter into plea of nolo contendere (plea of not guilty) or plea of guilty (Scheb & Scheb, 2014). It is the plea of nolo contendere that makes one stand for trial. This is when the individual knows they have the standing to appear in a court of law.

            The trial process is governed by rules of procedure, which sets out elaborate processes for determining whether an individual is guilty or not. Once a defendant is to stand trial, a pretrial conference is scheduled one week before the actual criminal trial begins (Bergman, 2018). At the pretrial hearings, several issues are determined and rule by the pretrial court. Some of the issues determined and rule include rules for case proceedings, scheduled for trial and other pretrial matters, evidence that should and that should not be concluded can be argued by parties, witnesses to be allowed, venues for trial, and right to counsel if the defendant is not represented at a pretrial hearing.

            The establishment of the pretrial procedures is important in the administration of justice. During the establishment of pretrial procedures, several issues are resolved that ensure dispensation of justice to the defendant (American Bar Association, 2020). The procedures are critical in resolving matters that allow for the efficient running of the trial process. It is during this step in the trial process that all the parties involved exchange important information that could make them be prepared if the matter proceeds to full trial. Also, it is during the pre-trial process that judges receive information about the issues and the parties involved and to establish their authority over the trial process.             The criminal trial process can be considered to be complete if it has six steps; choice of the jury, issuing of the opening statement, cross-examination and issuing of testimonies, closing arguments, jury instruction, and issue of the verdict after jury deliberation (Arizona Supreme Court, 2020). During jury selection, a potential juror will………………………………………………………………………………………………

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DETENTION CENTERS AND AWAITING TRIAL ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED BY THE COURTS FOR EVALUATION OF COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL (CST). FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

OFFENDERS HELD AT DETENTION CENTERS AND AWAITING TRIAL ARE SOMETIMES REFERRED BY THE COURTS FOR EVALUATION OF COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL (CST). FORENSIC MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS CONDUCTING SUCH EVALUATIONS CAN BENEFIT FROM KNOWLEDGE OF ACCEPTED PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS AND INSTRUMENTS USED FOR CST EVALUATIONS ALONG WITH AWARENESS OF THE ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES INHERENT IN SUCH EVALUATIONS.
Offenders held at detention centers and awaiting trial are sometimes referred by the courts for evaluation of competency to stand trial (CST). Forensic mental health professionals conducting such evaluations can benefit from knowledge of accepted psychological tests and instruments used for CST evaluations along with awareness of the ethical responsibilities inherent in such evaluations.

Tasks:

Using at least three scholarly resources from the professional literature, research the essential psychological tests and screening instruments utilized for conducting a CST evaluation. The literature may include the Argosy University online library resources, relevant textbooks, peer-reviewed journal articles, and websites created by professional organizations, agencies, or institutions (.edu, .org, and .gov).

Based on your research, select a case for study for this assignment.

Write a 3- to 5-page report in a Microsoft Word document. Your report should include:

A cover sheet and a reference page
Formatting in the current APA style, including the font of Times New Roman and a size of 12 points
Address the following in your report:

List and explain the essential psychological tests and screening instruments that would assist the forensic mental health professional in conducting a CST evaluation. Be sure that you provide enough information to thoroughly explain the theory behind each test or screening. Describe the relative strengths and weaknesses of these assessment instruments.
Conduct a CST evaluation for the selected case. Based on your evaluation, assess the ethical responsibilities of the forensic mental health professional.

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Forensic Competency to Stand Trial Assessment

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Forensic Competency to Stand Trial Assessment

Introduction

            An important aspect of the adjudication process in the criminal justice system of the United States is that all the defendants must be accorded a fair trial (Weiner, Goldstein, & Otto, 2012) and (Pirelli, Gottdiener, & Zapf, 2011). The concept of mental competency as a prerequisite for trial process was established in the judicial system by the Supreme Court’s Dusky decision of 1960 (Pirelli, Gottdiener, & Zapf, 2011). Since then, a psycholegal concept known as Competency to Stand Trial (CST) was introduced. The CST process is done among the criminal justice victims to assure that they are fit and competent to stand criminal trials and respond sufficiently to charges leveled against them.

CST Evaluation Tests and Screening Instruments             The jurisdictions to issue for………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Writers Solution

Legal devices, a trial judge can use to try to ameliorate or remedy the effects of mass media publicity on a case?

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: 

  • What are three processes, or legal devices, a trial judge can use to try to ameliorate or remedy the effects of mass media publicity on a case?
  • Are they effective? Why or why not?