Instructions:

• It is a group project
• Each group will submit a Final Project Report
• Each person in a group should contribute equally to get the same grade. You have to mention the Percentage contribution of each person in your Project report.

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Rubrics /Grade breakdown:

Report (100pts) 

Theory, Procedure, Data, Analysis, and conclusion

THEORY (10pts):
Briefly explain the underlying physical principle and exactly what you want to test.

PROCEDURE (30pts):
Explain what you did, at a level such that someone in your class could reasonably reproduce your results. Include at least one diagram.

DATA (20pts):
Include data tables (can be LaTeX’d, word doc’d, excel’d, pictures of hand-drawn tables, etc – as long as they’re legible, we’re happy). Explain the meaning of any variable you introduce. Include uncertainties. (Note that having poor data and explaining what went wrong is much, much, much
better than fudging your data. One is a reasonable thing to do, and the other is academic dishonesty.)

ANALYSIS (20pts):
Explain how you got from your data to your result. No need to show every step of your derivations, but give enough explanation that a classmate could reproduce your results.

CONCLUSION (20pts):
What did you find? Numbers should include uncertainties. What went wrong? What might have affected your results (sources of error)? How could the experiment be improved?

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Abstract:

Force and motion is a universal concept that applies to all matter in the universe. Motion is the changing of position or location which requires a force to cause that change. Forces influence objects that are at rest or that are already in motion. In the three laws of motion proposed by Isaac Newton, it involves the notion of inertia, mass, velocity, and momentum. These laws and factors contribute to the driving force that helps apply the concept of force and motion that we experience everyday. Using the online simulation provided by the Phet website, we will be conducting experiments involving force and motion.

Introduction:

In lecture as well as additional readings from our textbook, we have been introduced to the different aspects and rules that apply to the world of physics. There are three important notions that Isaac Newton proposed when he first studied and introduced the motion of objects. He stated that (1) a stationary object will remain stationary unless an external force acts on it, (2) the change in an object’s motion is proportional to the force acting on it, and (3) every force has an equal and opposite force. 

By using the online simulation, we aim to demonstrate the concept of force and motion with the provided resource. The simulation should be able to provide results that would mimic the experiment if we were to do it in person. The data and calculations taken from the experiment will be able to showcase the theory behind force and motion and give us a better understanding behind it. With both concepts, we will learn all the factors that play a part in force and motion and it will give us a deeper understanding behind what is needed to put something into motion as well as what type of force and how much force is needed to create that motion.

Theory:

With respect to Newton’s Second Law of Motion, we can understand the significance of the relation between force, mass, and acceleration. Under the circumstances of the experiment and in real life situations, force is simply a push or pull that acts upon an object. Furthermore, force is a vector quantity, in which it accounts for magnitude and direction. Newton’s Second Law regards the function of such objects for which all prevailing forces are not balanced. 

As forces become unbalanced – another vector quantity – acceleration emerges. Acceleration directly depends on the net force which is the sum of all forces acting upon an object. As the net force increases, so does the acceleration. As the net forces decrease, so does the acceleration. On the other hand, acceleration inversely depends on an object’s mass in which the acceleration decreases as the mass increases. If the mass were to decrease, then acceleration would increase.

As Newton’s Second Law may be expressed verbally, it can also be explained mathematically. As force has direction we may find different forces along the experiment, the first equation will be used to find the net force:

FNet = F1 + F2 + F3+…

The second equation will be used to find the weight of such object:

Fw = mg

The magnitude of the weight is equivalent to the magnitude of the normal force, this can be expressed in the equation:

Fn = Fw

We will not only be calculating with equations but also graphs. We will be using google excel to make graphs and the slope in the graph will identify the coefficient of friction (μ). In the case of using the equation (shown below) we can find static and kinetic friction:

(Static Friction) Fs = μsN

(Kinetic Friction) Fk = μkN

Experimental Apparatus & Setup:

Due to unfortunate circumstances of the COVID19 pandemic, our experimental setup was affected. Providentially, we were able to continue with the help and efforts of the Phet Colorado website. For this project, our experimental apparatus and setup consist of a virtual simulation from the website mentioned. This virtual simulation allows us to experiment and collect data that pertains to forces and motion, hence, the title of the project. In addition, we used our knowledge from this course, while applying “Chapter 4: Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion” and “Chapter 5: Applications of Newton’s Laws.” The equipment needed to perform the experiment is all provided in the simulation. 

Within the simulation setup, there are four selections to choose from:

1. The first selection is titled Net Force, in which the simulation consists of a “tug of war” between a number of figures. There are four blue figures and four red figures, with both colored teams having different sizes of figures. The number of figures that go on the left and right of the rope is adjustable, as it will eventually be the forces applied onto the object. The purpose of this simulation is to explain how objects will remain stationary unless external forces act on it. 
2. The second selection is in regards to Motion, in which the figure model will be exerting force on an object that is mounted on a skateboard. The purpose of this simulation explains how the change in an object’s motion is proportional to the force acting on it with or without the application of mass(s) from the objects and figures provided. 
3. The third selection focuses on friction. It’s similar to the Motion simulation, except that the crate isn’t mounted on the skateboard. Therefore, a friction force will affect the object in motion. The purpose of this simulation is to explain how an object’s motion is proportional to the force acting on it as well as how it can also come to terms with how every force has an equal and opposite force.
4. Finally, there’s an Acceleration simulation, where we can calculate the acceleration, based on the mass and friction that is applied on the crate. The figure model will push and launch the crate at a given amount of force, with and without applied mass on the crate, in which the acceleration will be given and calculated. The purpose of this simulation ties the whole notion of Newton’s Second Law of Motion together and explains the relationship between acceleration, mass, and all forces.

For all four selections of the simulations, we can insert various inputs to each simulation, such as a figure(s), a box, a trash bin, a gift box, a refrigerator, and a bucket of water, all providing different quantities in mass, speed, direction, and force. 

Procedure: 

Part 1

This part concludes Newton’s Second Law of Motion in which the concerning object will remain stationary unless external forces act on it. In this case, we add force to the right and left side of the cart to make it either move or remain stationary. We will find out how the forces affect the magnitude, the velocity, and the direction of the resultant force as well as the object (a cart).

1. Start the simulation by clicking on “Net Force”
2. Click on all the checkboxes on the upper righthand corner that indicate “Sum of Forces, Values, and Speed”
3. There are 8 stick figures located on the bottom; 4 blue figures and 4 red figures, drag the figures to the left and right side of the cart
4. After dragging the figures, make sure that the left rope has a force of 200N and the right rope has a force of 150N
5. Note the magnitude, direction of the resultant force and direction of where the car moved
6. Observe the velocity of the car, this can be found on the speedometer 
7. Click on “Go” to start the simulation
8. Repeat steps 3-7, but this time, make sure that the left rope has a force of 200N and the right has a force of 200N

Part 2 

This part concludes Newton’s Second Law of Motion in which the change in an object’s motion is proportional to the force acting on it. In this case, we are introducing mass and applying a force to the object (crate on skateboard) so it will start moving. We will find out how mass affects the motion of the object as it will cause it to either decelerate or accelerate.

1. Start the simulation by clicking on “Motion” 
2. Click on the checkboxes located on the upper righthand corner that indicate “Forces, Values, Masses, and Speed”
3. There are objects with masses located on the bottom, drag such objects on top of the skateboard (we will be using a 50kg crate)
4. After dragging the object, set the “Applied Force” to 500N as it will start to push the crate on the skateboard 
5. The simulation will start
6. Note the mass
7. Note the magnitude and the direction of the resultant force
8. Observe the velocity of the car, this can be found on the speedometer 

Part 3 

This part concludes Newton’s Second Law of Motion in which an object’s motion is proportional to the force acting on it. In this case, frictional force will be a part of the net forces. It can also come to terms with how every force has an equal and opposite force. In this case, friction force may be equal to the applied force. We will find out if frictional force is strong enough to either keep the object (a crate) at rest or moving.

1. Start the simulation by clicking on “Friction”
2. Click on the checkboxes located on the upper righthand corner that indicate “Forces, Sum of Forces, Values, Masses, and Speed”
3. There are objects with masses located on the bottom, drag such objects onto the simulation (we will be using a 50kg crate)
4. Apply force and increase it until it moves
5. Record the maximum force that keeps the object at rest
6. Record the force needed in order to make the box move
7. Note the masses, magnitude and direction of the forces and the resultant force

Part 4

This part concludes Newton’s Second Law of Motion in a similar way to all 3 parts above. We will be applying force and mass, as this experiment includes friction. We will find out how all these factors affect acceleration. 

1. Start the simulation by clicking on “Acceleration”
2. Click on the checkboxes located on the upper righthand corner that indicate “Forces, Sum of Forces, Values, Masses, Speed, and Acceleration”
3. There are objects with masses located on the bottom, drag such objects onto the simulation (we will be using a 50kg crate)
4. Apply force and increase it until it moves
5. Record the maximum force that keeps the object at rest
6. Record the force needed in order to make the box move
7. Note the masses, magnitude and direction of the forces and the resultant force
8. Repeat steps 3-7, but add mass each time

Data: 

One equation that is needed is one to find the resultant forces:

F =  F1 + F2 + F3 . . .

Another equation used was one to find the weight:

Fw = mg

Another equation we used was to find the magnitude of the normal force:

Fn = Fw

To find the slope we used:

m = y2 – y1 / x2 – x1

The formula we used to find the forces of static and kinetic friction are:

Fs = ????sN  and   Fk = ????kN

1. This first table is the data of an object with certain mass values to start moving the object

Mass (kg)

Weight (N)

Normal Force (N)

Force of Static Friction (N)

50

491

491

126

90

883

883

226

130

1275

1275

326

150

1472

1472

376

180

1766

1766

451

1. This second table is the data of an object with certain mass values to keep the object moving

Mass (kg)

Weight (N)

Normal Force (N)

Force of Kinetic Friction (N)

50

491

491

94

90

883

883

169

130

1275

1275

244

150

1472

1472

281

180

1766

1766

338

Analysis: (Explain how we got the data)

Insert here 

Conclusion:

In our lab experiment, there was definitely room for error. We used a website to conduct our experiment. Therefore, some of the things that may have gone wrong may occur due to technical, human, and instrumental error. An example of technical error would be how sometimes the object would move on its own without any force applied to it. A human error is not being able to read the results that we got or putting the right units. An instrumental source of error was that we could not see what speed our object was going. If this experiment was conducted in real life, an error would be how environmental factors such as the wind changes the direction or speed of the object.

In this experiment we explored the notions of Newton’s Second Law of Motion. The law formally states that acceleration occurs when a force acts on a mass and the greater amount of force on an object is needed when that mass of an object is greater. In our lab we conducted it into three parts; net force, motion, and  friction. In terms of force, the experiment simply shows that if we move an object with force it will move. In terms of motion, the experiment explains with graphs, that if we put force over time the velocity would increase rapidly over the time. In terms of friction, the experiment illustrates in the graphs that friction increases when the object has motion; we can conclude that the opposing force is the friction force. Overall the results of the lab experiment exemplified the principles of Newton’s Second Law of Motion. 

References

Phet Colorado simulation – Forces and Motion: Basics 

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https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/forces-and-motion-basics/latest/forces-and-motion-basics_en.html

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Second-Law